Organisms registry | Biosafety Clearing-House

Record ID	Scientific name	Common name	Description
bch-orga-scbd-115629-1	Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra, Lady's finger	Due to the large number of chromosomes and polyploidy, a whole genome sequence has not yet been elucidated.
bch-orga-scbd-260316-1	Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A	Adeno-associated virus 2	Adeno-associated virus 2 is a naked, icosahedral (20 - 25 nm diameter), single-stranded DNA virus. The genome consists of a single chromosome of 4679 nucleotides, flanked terminal repeats of 145 nucleotides that terminate in 125 nucleotide T-shaped hairpins (homotelomeric). These inverted repeats facilitate the integration into the host genome. As such, they have been employed in recombinant vectors to insert transgenes into the host genome. Thus, they may have a role in gene therapy.
bch-orga-scbd-101472-4	Aedes aegypti	Yellow fever mosquito, AEDAE
bch-orga-scbd-45769-4	Aequorea victoria	Crystal Jellyfish, Water Jellyfish, AEQVI	This jellyfish is capable of producing flashes of blue light by a quick release of Ca2+. The components required for bioluminescence include a Calcium++ activated photoprotein, called aequorin, that emits a blue-green light, and an accessory green fluorescent protein (GFP), which accepts energy from aequorin and re-emits it as green light. For further information about fluorescence, see References.
bch-orga-scbd-114696-3	African cassava mosaic virus	ACMV
bch-orga-scbd-110857-2	Agrobacterium rhizogenes	AGRRH
bch-orga-scbd-12081-6	Agrobacterium tumefaciens	Agrobacterium	Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a species of bacteria that causes tumors (commonly known as 'galls' or 'crown galls') in dicots. This bacterium causes crown gall by inserting a small segment of DNA (known as the T-DNA, for 'transfer DNA') into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome. A. tumefaciens is commonly used as a vector to introduce DNA carried on a plasmid into a recipient organism. The vector is 'disarmed' since it lacks the genes which encode the tumorigenic functions of A. tumefaciens. This type of vector has been used frequently for introducing new genes into plants without causing biosafety concerns: the procedures used generally ensure that no Agrobacterium remains in the regenerated transgenic plants.
bch-orga-scbd-105603-2	Agrostis stolonifera	Creeping bentgrass, Creeping bent, Fiorin, Spreading bent, Carpet bentgrass, Redtop, AGRST
bch-orga-scbd-103885-3	Alfalfa mosaic virus	Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV
bch-orga-scbd-103752-2	Amaranthus hybridus	Slim Amaranth, Green Amaranth, Pigweed
bch-orga-scbd-111928-1	Ananas comosus	Pineapple, ANACO
bch-orga-scbd-103108-3	Anastrepha ludens	Mexican fruit fly
bch-orga-scbd-111523-1	Andropogon gerardii	Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Tall bluestem, Bluejoint, ANGER
bch-orga-scbd-260477-2	Anopheles coluzzii	African malaria mosquito, Malaria mosquito, Mosquito	While hybrid males from most crosses between species of the An. gambiae complex are sterile, males from crosses between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii do not show signatures of genetic incompatibilities and are fully fertile, with no obvious loss in fitness under laboratory conditions. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato is a complex of biological siblings which are genetically and behaviourally distinct and vary in their importance as malaria vectors. The members of the complex are morphologically indistinguishable as adults and are identified using molecular methodologies. The Anopheles gambiae complex of sibling species (1974; Coetzee et al., 2013) comprises nine related but reproductively isolated species that are almost indistinguishable morphologically: Anopheles amharicus (Hunt et al., 2013), Anopheles arabiensis (Patton 1905), Anopheles bwambae (White 1985), Anopheles gambiae (Giles 1902), Anopheles coluzzii (Coetzee & Wikerson 2013), Anopheles melas (Theobald 1903), Anopheles merus (Dönitz 1902), and Anopheles fontenillei (Barron et al., 2018). Additional information on the distribution of mosquito species that transmit malaria, can be found at the Malaria Atlas Project: https://malariaatlas.org .
bch-orga-scbd-260392-1	Anopheles gambiae	African malaria mosquito, Mosquito, Malaria mosquito, ANOGA	An. gambiae is a complex of biological siblings which are genetically and behaviourally distinct and vary in their importance as malaria vectors. The members of the complex are morphologically indistinguishable as adults and are identified using molecular methodologies. The Anopheles gambiae complex of sibling species comprises nine related but reproductively isolated species that are almost indistinguishable morphologically: Anopheles amharicus , Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles bwambae , Anopheles gambiae , Anopheles coluzzii , Anopheles melas, Anopheles merus and Anopheles fontenillei . Collectively they are sometimes called Anopheles gambiae sensu lato , or An. gambiae s.l. meaning ‘in the wider sense.’ Some species in the complex ( An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis ) are the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Anopheles mosquitoes, being poikilotherms, have life history characteristics that are dependent on ambient temperatures. These life history characteristics include their biting rates, the duration of their gonotrophic cycles, their fecundity, the survival and development of the immature mosquitoes and the adult.
bch-orga-scbd-103770-2	Antirrhinum majus	Common Snapdragon, Snapdragon
bch-orga-scbd-12098-4	Arabidopsis thaliana	Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. Arabidopsis is not of major agronomic significance, but it offers important advantages for basic research in genetics and molecular biology.
bch-orga-scbd-105199-2	Artemisia annua	Artemisia, Sweet Wormwood, Sweet Annie, Sweet Sagewort, Annual Wormwood
bch-orga-scbd-101938-6	Arthrobacter globiformis	Arthrobacter	Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in soil. All species in this genus are Gram-positive obligate aerobes that are rods during exponential growth and cocci in their stationary phase.
bch-orga-scbd-115841-1	Arundo donax	Giant reed	Arundo donax is listed as one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species due to its aggressive growth, environmental tolerance and long life (over 40 years). The reed can reached heights of 10 meters. Vegetative reproduction appears to be principle means for population expansion through rhizome extension or plant fragments carried downstream (root formation can occur on plant fragments). Once established, the giant reed can form colonies spanning several acres. Sexual reproduction may not be important for this species as most specimens do not produce viable seeds. Even when green, the plants are highly flammable. A. donax has been cultivated as a source of materials for instruments (flutes, pipes, etc.), building materials, materials for basket weaving and fuelwood. The reed was introduced to other areas as an ornamental plant and to stabilize soils against erosion. Other potential applications include carbon sequestration, source of fibre (pulp and paper, rayon) and use as an energy crop. Medically, the reed has been used as a sudorific, a diuretic, a diaphoretic, an emollient, a galactofuge and an anti-lactant in the treatment of dropsy. Isolated alkaloids may also raise blood pressure and contract the intestine. Phytocompounds may also have anti-carcinogenic properties. The reed contains a base chromosome number of 12. However, various ploidy levels have been reported. Genetic diversity is expected to be low due to the vegetative propagation of the reed. Thus far, the chloroplast is the only genome to be completely sequenced (GenBank: KX109945.1). De novo assembly of the transcriptome has occurred.
bch-orga-scbd-111120-2	Aspergillus nidulans	EMEND
bch-orga-scbd-15377-4	Aspergillus niger
bch-orga-scbd-105016-3	Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus	AcMNPV
bch-orga-scbd-105607-2	Avena sativa	Oat, AVESA
bch-orga-scbd-48965-9	Avian orthoavulavirus 1	Newcastle disease virus, NDV	The Newcastle Disease (ND) is highly contagious, implying high economic impact, caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) of the Paramyxoviridae family, Rubulavirus genus. The viral particle is formed by an enveloped nucleocapsid with fusion (F) protein spicules and hemaglutinine-neuramidase (HN) protein. Pathogenicity of the virus varies greatly and the disease may range from a light respiratory tract infection to a 100% mortality rate. Immunization against ND has been conducted with either live or inactivated virus. Live Newcastle Disease vaccine, with low virulence strain, has the advantage of mass administration and induces both local and cell immune response. Inactivated virus vaccine induces low levels of protection. Infection by Newcastle Disease virus may occur through either inhalation or ingestion: the virus is present in the air exhaled by the birds, in their faeces and all over the bird carcass during acute infection and death. Due to the occurrence of such diseases, sanitary barriers are established in domestic and foreign trade of birds and their by-products, ensuing large economic losses for countries where the diseases are recorded. Given the economic importance of such pathogens, availability of vaccines is essential to immunize susceptible organisms.
bch-orga-scbd-12122-6	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	BACAM	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a Gram-positive, aerobic baterium found in soil samples in nature. Alpha amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is often used in starch hydrolysis. B. amyloliquefaciens is also a source of subtilisin, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins in a similar way to trypsin. It also produces Barnase, an extracellular guanine specific ribonuclease, and barstar is its intracellular inhibitor.
bch-orga-scbd-115337-1	Bacillus cereus CHB37		This strain of Bacillus cereus was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil in Malaysia. Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped facultative anaerobe. Some strains have been known to produce toxins.
bch-orga-scbd-48360-3	Bacillus licheniformis	BACLI	Bacillus licheniformis is toxinogenic and food poisoning in humans has been associated with cooked meat, poultry and vegetable dishes (particularly stews and curries which have been served with rice). Food poisoning by Bacillus licheniformis is characterised by diarrhoea, although vomiting occurs in half of reported cases. Bacillus licheniformis is used by industry to produce proteases and amylases. Proteases are needed in huge amounts for example as additions to washing agents. B. licheniformis is also used to make the polypeptide antibiotic Bacitracin.
bch-orga-scbd-103064-6	Bacillus subtilis	Bacillus, BACIU	Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.
bch-orga-scbd-45614-11	Bacillus thuringiensis	Bt, Bacillus, BACTU
bch-orga-scbd-103068-4	Bacteriophage P1	Phage P1	P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a plasmid in the bacterium unlike other phages that integrate into the host DNA. P1 has an icosahedral "head" containing the DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail fibers. The P1 phage has gained research interest because it can be used to create the P1-derived artificial chromosome cloning vector which can carry relatively large fragments of DNA. Also, P1 encodes a site-specific recombinase, Cre, that is widely used to carry out cell-specific or time-specific DNA recombination by flanking the target DNA with loxP sites.(see Cre-Lox recombination)
bch-orga-scbd-15016-6	Bacteriophage T3	Phage T3, T3	Enterobacteria phage T3 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. It is in the genus T7-like Phages, of the family podoviridae (characterized by short, non-contractile tails).
bch-orga-scbd-105014-2	Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae	Olive fruit fly, Olive fly
bch-orga-scbd-103106-4	Bactrocera dorsalis	Oriental fruit fly
bch-orga-scbd-116055-3	Banana streak virus Acuminata Yunnan	BSV(AY)	Banana streak virus Acuminata Yunnan is a non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus with a circular genome encoding three open reading readings. The virus infects bananas ( Musa sp. ), causing banana streak disease. The symptoms will vary between banana streak viruses, but common symptoms include chlorotic and necrotic streaking. The infections will lead to stunted growth and reduction in bunch size (yield loss). The virus has been observed to integrate into the genome of the host banana. The virus likely spreads via insect vectors and may be also seedborne. It is unlikely to be mechanically transmitted. Banana streak virus is similar to Sugarcane bacilliform virus .
bch-orga-scbd-114688-1	Barley stripe mosaic virus	Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus; Barley false stripe virus; Barley mosaic virus; Barley mild stripe virus; Oat stripe mosaic virus
bch-orga-scbd-104597-4	Bean golden mosaic virus	BGMV
bch-orga-scbd-101869-7	Beet necrotic yellow vein virus	BNYVV
bch-orga-scbd-12097-4	Beta vulgaris	Common beet, Sugarbeet, BETMA
bch-orga-scbd-106324-2	Betula pendula	Silver birch, European white birch, Warty birch, BETPN
bch-orga-scbd-107879-2	Betula pubescens	White birch, Moor birch, Downy birch, European white birch, Hairy birch
bch-orga-scbd-115579-1	Bos taurus	Cow, Cattle, Bull, Auroch, Oxen, Bullocks	Cattle are commonly raised for meat (beef, veal), milk and hides (leather). They are also used as draft animals for pulling carts and plows. The dung of cattle is used for fertilizer (manure) or fuel. In some countries, cattle have a religious meaning.
bch-orga-scbd-115905-1	Brassica juncea	Indian mustard, Brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Leaf mustard, Vegetable mustard, Mustard greens, BRAJU	Brassica juncea is a natural amphidiploid hybrid (AABB genome, 2n = 36) of Brassica rapa (AA genome, 2n = 20) and Brassica nigra (BB genome, 2n=16). The species is mainly self-pollinated, but 20-30% cross-pollination was reported. Inter-specific crosses are possible between B. juncea and other mustard relatives. However, most hybridization events have required human intervention to achieve. Brown mustard has been listed as a weed species. The species is fast growing and has a broad range of growing environments. Brown mustard is grown primarily for culinary purposes (edible leaves, stems and seed; cooking oil from the seeds). The essential oils from the seeds have been used in ethno-botany.
bch-orga-scbd-12083-7	Brassica napus	Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	There are two types of B. napus: 1) oil-yielding oleiferous rape, of which one subset with specific quality characteristics is often referred to as "canola" (vernacular name), and 2) the tuber-bearing swede or rutabaga. Today, two species of Brassica have commercialized varieties with "double low" characteristics, i.e. low erucic acid content in the fatty acid profile and very low glucosinolate content in the meal, characteristics desirable for high-quality vegetable oil and high-quality animal feed. In North America two species (B. napus and B. rapa) are considered to be of "canola" quality. See also http://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=9845 for information on B. rapa
bch-orga-scbd-101872-5	Brassica oleracea	Wild cabbage, Crucifers, BRAOL	Brassica oleracea is the species of plant that has many cultivars, including many common foods, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, collards, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, savoy and Chinese kale (among others). Some cabbages are also used an ornamental plants in gardens.
bch-orga-scbd-115913-1	Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	Cauliflower, Broccoflower, Calabrese, Romanesci broccoli	Cauliflower is widely cultivated for its white inflorescence meristem. Several varieties (of several colours) exist. For production statistics, kindly refer to the FAOSTAT link below.
bch-orga-scbd-9845-4	Brassica rapa	Canola plant	Today, two species of Brassica have commercialized varieties with "double low" characteristics, i.e. low erucic acid content in the fatty acid profile and very low glucosinolate content in the meal, characteristics desirable for high-quality vegetable oil and high-quality animal feed. In North America two species (B. napus and B. rapa) are considered to be of "canola" quality. See also http://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=12083 for information on B. napus
bch-orga-scbd-263042-1	Brevibacillus laterosporus	BRELA	Bacillus laterosporus is an aerobic, Gram-positive, endospore forming bacilli. It has been considered a probiotic for humans and a feed additive for birds. The bacteria produces a variety of antibiotic compounds. The genome is 5.34 Mb in size. It is common for multiple plasmids to be present.
bch-orga-scbd-105666-3	Campanula medium	Canterbury bells, Cup-and-saucer, Bellflower, CAMME
bch-orga-scbd-45008-6	Canarypox virus	CNPV	Canarypox virus (CNPV) is an avipoxvirus and etiologic agent of canarypox, a disease of birds both in the wild and in commercial aviaries, where significant losses result. CNPV has been successfully used as a host range-restricted mammalian expression vector and is a vaccine vector of increasing importance, with CNPV-based veterinary vaccines commercially available and human vaccines undergoing clinical trials. Licensed and experimental CNPV-based vaccines, most of which utilize the highly attenuated ALVAC strain of CNPV, encode a range of pathogen and tumor-associated antigens, including those from rabies virus, canine distemper virus, feline leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Plasmodium falciparum, melanoma, and colorectal cancer.
bch-orga-scbd-108041-2	Capra aegagrus hircus	Domestic goat, Goat, CAPHI
bch-orga-scbd-113354-1	Capsicum annuum	Bell pepper, Sweet pepper, Chili pepper, CAPAN
bch-orga-scbd-113225-2	Cardiovirus A	Cardiovirus A, EMCV
bch-orga-scbd-12085-4	Carica papaya	Papaya, Pawpaw, Papaw, CARPA	Papaya, Carica papaya L., is an almost herbaceous (succulently soft-wooded), typically unbranched small tree in the family Caricaceae. Europeans first encountered papaya in the Western Hemisphere tropics by at least the early 1500s, and various interests were soon disseminating it widely. Papaya is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates mainly for its melon-like fruit.
bch-orga-scbd-112725-1	Carthamus tinctorius	Safflower, CARTI
bch-orga-scbd-115107-2	Cassava brown streak virus	Cassava Brown Streak Virus, CBSV	Cassava brown streak virus is 650 nm long and has a genome that consists of single strand of RNA and approximately 8.9 kilobases in length. The genome is encapsulated by the 45 kiloDalton coat protein. Cassava brown streak disease can also be caused by closely related virus, Ugandan cassava brown streak virus. Symptoms are indistinguishable between the two viral agents.
bch-orga-scbd-101899-7	Cassava vein mosaic virus	Cassava vein mosaic virus, CVMV, CsVMV
bch-orga-scbd-115755-1	Castanea dentata	American chestnut	The American chestnut is a long lived (400 to 600 years), fast growing, late-successional hardwood tree. The tree is a generalist, tolerating varying environmental and climatic conditions. Being monoecious, the trees bear both male and female flowers on the same plant. Fertilization occurs via wind pollination, but pollinators, such as bees, may also assist. Pollination generally occurs within 100, but the pollen may travel up to 100 km. Seeds mature in late September or October with frost serving as means to open the burs and release the seeds. People tend to use the tree for food (chestnuts) and for hardwood. The species is critically endangered due its extreme susceptibility to the chestnut blight fungus ( Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr), introduced from Asia. In addition to chestnut blight, the tree is also susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi .
bch-orga-scbd-12125-5	Cauliflower mosaic virus	CaMV
bch-orga-scbd-103107-4	Ceratitis capitata	Mediterranean fruit fly, CERCA
bch-orga-scbd-104787-4	Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus	CYLCV
bch-orga-scbd-115611-2	Chimpanzee adenovirus Y25	ChAd Y25	Chimpanzee adenovirus Y25 is part of the Human Adenovirus subgroup E. Research has demonstrated the potential of this virus to be used as a viral vaccine vector.
bch-orga-scbd-109362-2	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	CHLRE
bch-orga-scbd-105667-3	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Florists chrysanthemum, Mum, Florist's daisy, Hardy garden mum, CHRMO
bch-orga-scbd-12086-3	Cichorium intybus	Chicory
bch-orga-scbd-108803-2	Citrus aurantium	Sour orange, Bitter orange, Seville orange, CITAR
bch-orga-scbd-111932-1	Citrus unshiu	Satsuma mandarin, Satsuma orange, Tangerine, CITUN
bch-orga-scbd-111590-1	Clitoria ternatea	Bluebellvine, Asian pigeonwings, Butterfly pea, Blue pea, CLITE	Species is cleistogamous and self pollinates.
bch-orga-scbd-110853-2	Cochliobolus heterostrophus	Southern corn leaf blight fungus
bch-orga-scbd-115839-1	Coix lacryma-jobi	Job's tears, Adlay millet	Coix lacryma-jobi is an annual grass that is commonly grown for food, medical and ornamental uses. The grains also are used for beverages (tea and alcoholic). Due to their appearance, the seeds are used as beads for jewelry, rosaries and other decorative objects. The species has become invasive, forming dense clumps that block the flow of waterways in Singapore, Australia, New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, the Galapagos, Greece Hawaii, French Polynesia, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica and on many islands in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Similar to other grasses, C. lacryma-jobi is wind pollinated. Self- and cross- pollination can occur. Natural dispersal occurs via involucres containing the fruit, which are carried by water. The genome consists of 10 chromosomes (2n = 20) and has an estimated size of 1.56 Gb.
bch-orga-scbd-258647-1	Commelina communis	Asiatic dayflower, Dayflower, Common dayflower, Asiatic daisy	The asiatic dayflower is considered to be an invasive species in North America. The flower is a rapid growing perennial.
bch-orga-scbd-263475-1	Coriandrum sativum	Coriander, Cilantro, Dhania, Chinese parsley	Coriander is primarily a culinary herb and flavouring agent. Both the seeds and leaves of coriander are commonly used in food and food products. The plant is sometimes also used in home remedies and traditional medicine to promote digestion and to treat gastro-intestinal disorders. The essential oils extracted from coriander contain various monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. The essential oils may have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.
bch-orga-scbd-14977-4	Corynebacterium glutamicum	CORGT
bch-orga-scbd-46120-6	Cryptomeria japonica	Japanese cedar	Japanese cedar can be difficult to grow from seed. Named cultivars are propagated vegetatively by rooting mature tip cuttings in late summer or autumn, or by layering. Japanese cedar is highly prized for bonsai, and the wild form is harvested commercially for timber. Japanese cedar is one of very few conifers that will coppice - sprout back from cut stumps. See references for further information
bch-orga-scbd-15029-5	Cucumber mosaic virus	CMV	The natural host range of CMV is wide, including Cucumis sativus and many other cucurbits, causing mosaics and stunting, and reduced fruit yield; Lycopersicon esculentum causing mosaic, reduction of leaf laminae ("fernleaf") and stunting; and Spinacia oleracea causing severe chlorosis and stunting. It is transmitted through mechanical inoculation by an insect vector (more than 60 spp. including Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora and Myzus persicae) and by seed.
bch-orga-scbd-12124-3	Cucumis melo	Melon, Melons
bch-orga-scbd-12123-4	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin, Squashes	Cucurbita pepo is a morphologically and ecologically diverse species composed of genetically distinct groups of cultivars and free-living populations (i.e., self-sustaining, including both wild and weedy populations).
bch-orga-scbd-101361-3	Cuphea lanceolata	Cigar Flower
bch-orga-scbd-106331-2	Cuphea wrightii	Wright's waxweed, CUPWR	Graham, S. A., 1991. Lythraceae (II). En: Sosa, V. (ed.). Flora de Veracruz. Fascículo 66. Instituto de Ecología. Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Graham, S. A., 1994. Lythraceae. En: Rzedowski, G. C. de y J. Rzedowski (eds.). Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes. Fascículo 24. Instituto de Ecología-Centro Regional del Bajío. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México. Rzedowski, G. C. de y J. Rzedowski, 2001. Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. 2a ed. Instituto de Ecología y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México. Villaseñor R., J. L. y F. J. Espinosa G., 1998. Catálogo de malezas de México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Consejo Nacional Consultivo Fitosanitario. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, D.F.
bch-orga-scbd-110938-2	Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus	Artichoke, Globe artichoke, CYNCS
bch-orga-scbd-111830-1	Dahlia merckii	Bedding dahlia, DAHME
bch-orga-scbd-263017-1	Dahlia mosaic virus	DMV, 9VIRU, DaMV	Dahlia mosaic virus has an approximately 8 kilobasepair, circular, double-stranded DNA genome.
bch-orga-scbd-45401-5	Danio rerio	Zebra fish, leopard danio, zebra danio	In the past decade or so the zebrafish, Danio rerio, has become a vertebrate of choice in developmental biology laboratories. It is easy to keep, has a short generation time, breeds readily, and produces conveniently transparent embryos; for these and other reasons it has gradually acquired the prestigious rank of Model Organism.
bch-orga-scbd-110869-2	Daucus carota subsp. sativus	Carrot, DAUCA
bch-orga-scbd-259043-1	Deinococcus radiodurans R1		Deinococcus radiodurans is a red-pigmented, radiation-resistant bacterium. It was first isolated from a radiation-sterilized can of corned beef in 1956.The bacterium has robust DNA repair mechanisms that enable it to withstand extreme environmental conditions, such as radiation 1000-times greater than the lethal dose for humans. The genome contains multiple chromosomal copies, which also contribute to its efficient repair abilities. In an one-year exposure experiment, the bacterium survived outside the International Space Station (low Earth orbit) without exhibiting morphological damage. In addition to research, the bacterium may have applications for bioremediation.
bch-orga-scbd-104803-4	Delftia acidovorans	DELAC	Delftia acidovorans, is a non glucose-fermenting, gram-negative, non spore-forming rod present in soil, fresh water, activated sludge, and clinical specimens (von Gravenitz 1985, Tamaoka et al. 1987, Wen et al., 1999).
bch-orga-scbd-108874-3	Diabrotica virgifera virgifera	Western corn rootworm, DIAVI
bch-orga-scbd-4954-7	Dianthus caryophyllus	Carnation, DIACA	Dianthus caryophyllus or carnation does not display hazardous or weedy characteristics and is used in the floriculture industry for cut flowers. Modern cultivars are maintained by vegetative propagation. The biology of carnation is such that there are no reasonable means for the genetically modified plants to escape from cultivation and become established as populations in the wild, or for gene dispersal from the genetically modified carnation to occur. The commercial standard carnation varieties are generally male sterile and rarely produce anthers; and if they do, little pollen is produced and this can only be transferred by insects. In commercial carnation production, outcrossing is unlikely as flowers are cut before opening. Should flowers open, only certain insects are easily able to access nectaries in flowers and there are very few opportunities for this to occur during transit and sale. Furthermore, carnations plants require 6 weeks for seed development and cut carnation flowers last only 3-4 weeks, which is not enough time for seed set.
bch-orga-scbd-106245-3	Dickeya dadantii	DICDA
bch-orga-scbd-103739-2	Discosoma sp.	Coral anemones, Sea anemones
bch-orga-scbd-103760-2	Drosophila melanogaster	Common Fruit Fly
bch-orga-scbd-103756-3	Enterobacter aerogenes	Enterobacter
bch-orga-scbd-111541-1	Enterobacteria phage T4	Bacteriophage T4, Phage T4, Coliphage T4, BPT4
bch-orga-scbd-110882-2	Erwinia rhapontici	ERWRD
bch-orga-scbd-103629-3	Erwinia uredovora	PANAN
bch-orga-scbd-14930-5	Escherichia coli	ECOLX	Colibacillosis is a common systemic disease of economic importance in poultry and occurs worldwide. Escherichia coli infection occurs as an acute fatal septicemia or subacute pericarditis and airsacculitis, as well as perihepatitis, arthritis, and also cellulitis. Among bacterial infections, colibacillosis is very often the first cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry. Large numbers of E. coli are maintained in the poultry house environment through fecal contamination. Systemic infection occurs when large numbers of pathogenic E. coli gain access to the bloodstream via the respiratory tract or intestine. Bacteremia progresses to septicemia and death, or the infection extends to serosal surfaces, pericardium, joints and other organs. Uncontrolled, avian E. coli represents a serious animal welfare concern and risk to public health as it is a zoonotic organism with avian E. coli species known to adapt to humans.
bch-orga-scbd-111831-2	Escherichia virus Lambda	Lambda phage, LAMBD
bch-orga-scbd-102151-5	Eucalyptus globulus	Eucalyptus, Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum, Blue gum
bch-orga-scbd-45010-5	Feline leukemia virus	Feline leukemia virus, FeLV	Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. As a retrovirus, the genetic information of FeLV is carried by RNA instead of DNA. FeLV is usually transmitted between infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. If not defeated by the animal’s immune system, the virus can be lethal. FeLV causes immunosuppression in pet cats, and there is also evidence for existence of the virus in larger wild cat populations also (e.g. Lynx, Cheetah, and Lion). Overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests FeLV is not transmissible to either humans or dogs. Note: Despite the its name, the disease is not a form of cancer. The name stems from the fact that the first disease associated with the virus was a form of leukemia, and by the time it was discovered that the virus was the causal agent, the misleading name was already being used by pet owners.
bch-orga-scbd-100357-5	Figwort mosaic virus	Figwort mottle virus, FMV, CMoVb
bch-orga-scbd-101024-4	Flaveria bidentis	Coastal plain yellowtops, FLABI
bch-orga-scbd-103122-3	Flaveria trinervia	Clustered Yellowtops, speedyweed, flaveria, yellow twinstem	Flaveria trinervia exhibits C4 carbon fixation.
bch-orga-scbd-105171-4	Fowlpox virus	FOWPV
bch-orga-scbd-45410-3	Francisella tularensis
bch-orga-scbd-101926-3	Galleria mellonella	Wax moth, Honeycomb Moth
bch-orga-scbd-105172-5	Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1	ILTV
bch-orga-scbd-48969-9	Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2
bch-orga-scbd-105216-2	Gallus gallus	Chicken, CHICK
bch-orga-scbd-10453-6	Glycine max	Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
bch-orga-scbd-104688-4	Gossypium barbadense	Sea-island cotton, Egyptian cotton, GOSBA
bch-orga-scbd-12080-6	Gossypium hirsutum	Cotton	Cotton is of the Gossypium genus that is grown on every major continent and on West Indies and Pacific Basin islands. There are about 39 species of Gossypium worldwide, native to the tropics and warm temperate regions. Four have been domesticated and of these, Gossypium hirsutum from Mexico has become the predominant species in commercial cotton production worldwide.
bch-orga-scbd-115180-1	Gypsophila paniculata	Baby's Breath, Common gypsophila	Gypsophila paniculata is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a cut flower. Listed as a weed in Manitoba, Canada, as well as California and Washington, United States.
bch-orga-scbd-100348-5	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower, HELAN
bch-orga-scbd-12129-3	Helianthus tuberosus	Sunflower, Jerusalem artichokes, Sunroot, Sunchoke
bch-orga-scbd-108280-2	Hevea brasiliensis	Rubber tree, Para rubber tree, SiringaTree, Jebe, HEVBR
bch-orga-scbd-45743-4	Homo sapiens	HUMAN
bch-orga-scbd-12110-5	Hordeum vulgare	Barley, HORVU
bch-orga-scbd-115252-3	Human alphaherpesvirus 1	HHV-1, HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus 1	Herpes viruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they contain a lipid envelop surrounding a protein core. Individuals infected with HSV-1 are still at risk for acquiring HSV-2 (genital herpes).
bch-orga-scbd-103748-3	Human betaherpesvirus 5	Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, HHV-5
bch-orga-scbd-116142-1	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	HIV-1	The HIV genome consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules that are enclosed in the core of the virus particle. The viral particle is approximately 100 nm in size.
bch-orga-scbd-113222-2	Human mastadenovirus C, type 5	HAdV-C
bch-orga-scbd-105739-3	Human respirovirus 3	hPIV
bch-orga-scbd-105222-2	Infectious bursal disease virus	Gumboro virus
bch-orga-scbd-45782-7	Influenza A virus	Influenza, Flu, Avian flu, Human flu, Swine influenza, Equine influenza, Bird flu	Influenza A virus genome is comprised of 8 negative-sense RNA segments, encoding 10 proteins (hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (N), membrane channel protein, nucleoprotein, matrix protein, polymerase basic 1, polymerase basic 2, polymerase acidic protein, nonstructural protein 1 and nonstructural protein 2). The HA protein is categorized into 18 subtypes and confers the H number in the influenza strain (e.g. H1, H3, etc). Similarly, the N protein has 11 sub-types and confers the N number in the influenza strain (e.g. N1, N2, etc.). During co-infection of two strains, reassortment can occur to produce new strains of influenza.
bch-orga-scbd-113191-1	Ipomoea batatas	Sweet potato, IPOBA
bch-orga-scbd-110307-2	Iris sp.	Iris, IRIOR
bch-orga-scbd-114709-3	Japanese encephalitis virus	JEV SA14-14-2	The wild-type Japanese Encephalitis Virus can be found in East Asia and the Western Pacific islands, ranging from South Pakistan to Papua New Guinea, and Northern Queensland (Australia) to Northern Japan.
bch-orga-scbd-12128-7	Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae	Klebsiella, KLEPO
bch-orga-scbd-113292-2	Lachancea kluyveri	Yeast, LACKL
bch-orga-scbd-104349-2	Lactobacillus bulgaricus
bch-orga-scbd-100379-4	Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis	Streptococcus, Strep
bch-orga-scbd-265283-1	Lamium leaf distortion virus	Lamium leaf distortion-associated virus, LLDV	Lamium leaf distortion virus is a Type VII virus (dsDNA with RNA intermediate; retrovirus - reserve transcription). The virion consists of a protein capsid (45 to 52 nm in diameter) and a monopartite, circular double stranded DNA genome (7713 base pairs in size).
bch-orga-scbd-111561-1	Lilium longiflorum	Easter lily, Trumpet lily, LILLO
bch-orga-scbd-110870-2	Limnanthes douglasii	Douglas' meadowfoam, Poached egg plant, LIMDO
bch-orga-scbd-12087-4	Linum usitatissimum	Flax, Flax, Linseed, LINUS	Linum usitatissimum L. is a species of the family Linaceae (Flax family). It is an erect, herbaceous annual which branches corymbosely above the main stem. Two types of L. usitatissimum are cultivated: the linseed type, grown for oil extracted from the seed, is a relatively short plant which produces many secondary branches compared to the flax type, grown for the fibre extracted from the stem, which is taller and is less branched. Cultivated flax is an annual reproducing by means of seed. Because of its flower structure and because its "sticky pollen" is rarely transferred by insects, flax is a highly self-pollinated species. The pollen is viable for only a few hours. As the flower opens, the anthers come together and form a cap over the stigma. Dillman (1938) in studying natural crossing in flax reported the range of natural crossing from 0-5%, there being variation among genotypes.
bch-orga-scbd-110659-2	Lotus japonicus	Birdsfoot trefoil, LOTJA	Lotus japonicus is a wild legume that belongs to family Fabaceae. Members of this family are very diverse, constituting about 20,000 species. They are of significant agricultural and biological importance as many of the legume species are rich sources of protein and oil and can also fix atmospheric nitrogen. L. japonicus has become a model plant for genome studies in legumes, particularly in reference to rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Small genome size of about 470 Mb, diploid genome with 6 haploid chromosomes, a short life cycle of about 2 to 3 months and its perennial nature makes it a convenient plant to study.
bch-orga-scbd-114747-2	Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1	SV40, Simian vacuolating virus 40, simian virus 40, Rhesus macaque polyomavirus
bch-orga-scbd-12099-5	Malus domestica	Apple, MALDO	The various Malus species include the flowering crabapples, edible fruit crabapples, as well as the domesticated grocery and orchard apples.
bch-orga-scbd-112539-1	Manihot esculenta	Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES
bch-orga-scbd-12100-4	Medicago sativa	Alfalfa, Lucerne, MEDSV	Lucerne is the most important of the world's forage crops and was domesticated for feeding animals rather than for direct human consumption. There are a wide variety of Medicago sativa cultivars some of which are the product of hybridisation with other wild Medicago species in Europe and Asia. Different cultivars do better in different climatic extremes. Seed production by Lucerne can be detrimentally affected by poor pollination, often because honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to avoid triggering the anthers and releasing pollen when extracting nectar. Solitary bees such as bumblebees (Bombus) are the best pollinators.
bch-orga-scbd-110060-2	Medicago truncatula	Barrelclover, Strong-spined medick, Barrel medic, Barrel medick, MEDTR
bch-orga-scbd-105225-3	Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1	Turkey herpesvirus, Meleagrid herpesvirus 1
bch-orga-scbd-113293-1	Micromonas pusilla	Picoplanktonic green alga, MICPS
bch-orga-scbd-265282-1	Mirabilis mosaic virus	MMV	Like other caulimoviruses, Mirabilis mosaic virus is a Type VII virus (dsDNA with RNA intermediate; use of reserve transcription). The virion consists of a protein capsid and a monopartite, open circular, double stranded DNA.
bch-orga-scbd-45740-4	Mus musculus	Mouse, House mouse, MOUSE
bch-orga-scbd-100304-3	Musa sp.	Banana, Plantain
bch-orga-scbd-105337-2	Mycoplasma gallisepticum	MG, MYCGL
bch-orga-scbd-105061-3	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Wild daffodil, Lent lily, Daffodil, NARPS
bch-orga-scbd-48454-4	Nephila clavipes	Golden silk orbweaver spider	The female Nephila clavipes has a number of different spinning glands for producing a range of fibres with different properties. The most stable fibre is the dragline, which displays high tensile strength and is therefore of interest for use as a biomaterial.
bch-orga-scbd-104624-3	Neurospora crassa	NEUCS
bch-orga-scbd-12120-4	Nicotiana tabacum	Tobacco, TOBAC	Nicotiana tabacum is the plant that is cultivated as the principal source of tobacco.
bch-orga-scbd-14936-4	Ochrobactrum anthropi	OCHAN
bch-orga-scbd-104717-3	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha	Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS
bch-orga-scbd-260898-1	Ophioderma pendulum	Old World adder's-tongue, Daun rambu, OPHPE
bch-orga-scbd-100302-4	Oreochromis hornorum x Oreochromis aureus	Hybrid tilapia
bch-orga-scbd-103840-2	Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus	OpMNPV
bch-orga-scbd-10454-5	Oryza sativa	Rice, ORYSA	Rice is grown worldwide and is a staple food for about a half of the world’s population. It is a nutritious grain crop which contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, etc. Rice straw is an important animal feed in many countries.
bch-orga-scbd-115348-1	Ostreococcus tauri	Green algae	Ostreococcus tauri has been described as the smallest free-living eukaryote thusfar described and referred to as a picophytoplankton. Cells are roughly 1 μm and contain a signal chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus and Golgi apparatus. The cells also lack a flagella and cell wall. The algae has become a model for researchers, who are particularly interested in the algae as a model for eukaryotic genome evolution.
bch-orga-scbd-108888-2	Paenibacillus macerans	PAEMA
bch-orga-scbd-15021-5	Papaya ringspot virus	PRSV	There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species. The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates (PRSV-P). This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family (Cucurbitaceae). The other type, Type W isolates (PRSV-W), does not infect papaya. Isolates of PRSV-W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon, cucumber, and squash and were originally known as Watermelon mosaic virus 1'. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS 2!
bch-orga-scbd-115647-1	Pavlova lutheri		Pavlova lutheri is a marine algae.
bch-orga-scbd-101927-4	Pea enation mosaic virus 1	PEMV-1
bch-orga-scbd-101928-4	Pea seed-borne mosaic virus	PSbMV
bch-orga-scbd-104661-3	Peanut chlorotic streak virus	PCSV, PClSV
bch-orga-scbd-103104-3	Pectinophora gossypiella	Pink Bollworm
bch-orga-scbd-108042-2	Pectobacterium carotovorum	PECCA
bch-orga-scbd-110308-2	Perilla frutescens	Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR
bch-orga-scbd-110658-4	Pestivirus A	BVDV-1	The virus genome is positive-strand RNA that is translated to form a single virus polyprotein, which, through cleavage by both host and virus proteases, gives rise to either 11 or 12 mature viral proteins (NH2-Npro-C-Erns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH), dependent on the virus biotype
bch-orga-scbd-110712-3	Pestivirus B	BVDV-2	The virus genome is positive-strand RNA that is translated to form a single virus polyprotein, which, through cleavage by both host and virus proteases, gives rise to either 11 or 12 mature viral proteins (NH2-Npro-C-Erns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH), dependent on the virus biotype
bch-orga-scbd-115653-1	Petroselinum crispum	Parsley	Parsley is a vitamin- and mineral- rich leafy vegetable, commonly used as a herb in cooking. It has also been used as a traditional medicine and some research indicates that it may have pharmacological uses. The plant is also grown for its essential oils. Extracts from parsley leaves has been used to synthesize nanoparticles.
bch-orga-scbd-12107-5	Petunia hybrida	Petunia, PETHY
bch-orga-scbd-258640-1	Phalaenopsis sp.	Moth orchid	Moth orchids are an ornamental, potted flowers of high economic value globally.
bch-orga-scbd-104363-6	Phaseolus vulgaris	String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU	Commercially, most beans in the genus are classified as (1) pod/snap beans (string beans, stringless beans, pole beans or wax beans in tender tasty immature pods), (2) shell beans (pod is not eaten, but beans are shelled from the pod when swollen and somewhat dry but prior to full maturity) or (3) dry beans (removed from the pod at full maturity only after totally drying and beginning to rattle around inside the pod).
bch-orga-scbd-104331-3	Photinus pyralis	North American firefly, Common Eastern firefly, Big Dipper firefly, PHOPY
bch-orga-scbd-45861-2	Photorhabdus luminescens	Bacteria	P. luminescens promotes its own transmission among susceptible insect populations using its nematode host. Upon invasion of the host the bacteria are released directly into the open blood system of the insect. Its life cycle comprises a symbiotic stage in the nematode's gut and a virulent stage in the insect larvae, which it kills through toxemia and septicemia. After the nematode attacks a prey insect and P. luminescens is released, the bacterium produces a wide variety of virulence factors ensuring rapid insect killing. Bioconversion of the insect cadaver by exoenzymes produced by the bacteria allow the it to multiply and the nematode to reproduce. During this process P. luminescens produces antibiotics to prevent invasion of the insect cadaver by bacterial or fungal competitors and the carcass becomes visibly luminescent due to the bioluminescence of P. luminescens. Once the infection is established, the insect cadaver is bioconverted into a source of nutrients for both the bacteria and the nematodes. Infective juvenile nematodes subsequently re-acquire the bacteria and leave the insect to infect new hosts. For genomic information, see References. The bacteria alone are highly lethal to insect larvae when injected into the hemocoel, with less than 30 P. luminescens cells causing 50% mortality to insect larvae (LD50), but are not pathogenic when ingested by insect larvae.
bch-orga-scbd-260478-1	Physarum polycephalum	Plasmodial slime molds, Slime mold, PHYPO	Physarum polycephalum is a large, yellow slime mold that is commonly studied in laboratories due to its ease to culture and highly visible cytoplasmic streaming. The organism is essentially a giant multi-nucleated, unicellular protist stretching up to hundreds of squared centimeters. There are no cell walls or membrane separating the nuclei. It uses tubular elements, chemical signals and circulating nutrients to form pseudopods that allow it to navigate in the environment. They can digest solid food similar to an amoeba or secret enzymes and absorb the nutrients. They feed on bacteria, protozoa, fungal spores, and other decaying organic material. Under adverse conditions, sclerotia (hardened resting structures of irregular form consisting of minute cell-like components). Once favourable conditions return, the sclerotia are converted back to the active growing plasmodium stage. Under conditions of starvation and sunlight, fruiting bodies form that release haploid spores. When moist conditions return, the spores will germinate as either amoeboid cells or as flagellates (if they germinate in a liquid environment). Two haploid amoeboid cells and their nuclei can fuse to begin growth into the multinucleated (with diploid nuclei) plasmodium. P. polycephalum is used for motility, cellular differentiation, chemotaxis and problem solving studies. However, they are also used for studies of RNA editing as it is the only organism known to edit RNA by both insertion and substitution of nucleotides.
bch-orga-scbd-115268-1	Physcomitrella patens	spreading earthmoss, physcomitrella moss	Physcomitrella patens is a model organism used for studying plant evolution, development and physiology because the species is a basal lineage of land plants (first land plants). Thus, the species is considered to be at an important phylogenetic position for understanding evolution to 'higher' plants. P. patens has also emerged as a model plant because of its high homologous recombination frequency that enables efficient gene targeting, a relatively simple morphology and a small genome size (~500Mb). The moss genome contains 27 chromosomes with 32,926 loci encoding 87,533 protein-coding transcripts.
bch-orga-scbd-115642-1	Phytophthora infestans	Phytophthora blight	Phytophthora infestans is a fungus-like microorganism (water mould) that is most famously known as being the causal agent of the Irish potato famine.
bch-orga-scbd-115635-1	Phytophthora sojae
bch-orga-scbd-106330-2	Picea abies	Norway spruce, PICAB
bch-orga-scbd-106439-2	Pichia pastoris	Yeast, PICPA
bch-orga-scbd-107880-2	Pinus sylvestris	Scotch pine, Scots pine, PINSY
bch-orga-scbd-100289-5	Pisum sativum	Garden pea, PEA
bch-orga-scbd-104308-3	Plum pox virus	PPV, Sharka
bch-orga-scbd-107878-2	Populus tremula	European aspen, Aspen, Common aspen, Eurasian aspen, quaking aspen, POPTN
bch-orga-scbd-101269-4	Populus tremula x Populus alba	Gray Poplar	Grey poplar is dioecious. The GM plants intended for release originate from the female grey poplar clone INRA 717 1-B4. Pollen formation and dispersal can thus be ruled out. Generally speaking, grey poplars reach the generative stage after about 7 to 15 years; under conditions of stress it appears that flowering may occur earlier.
bch-orga-scbd-105731-2	Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides	Hybrid aspen
bch-orga-scbd-114453-1	Populus tremula x tremuloides	Hybrid aspen	The hybrid aspen is a fast-growing, easily transformable cultivar, originating from a clone in Czechia.
bch-orga-scbd-105738-2	Populus trichocarpa	Western balsam poplar, Black cottonwood, California poplar, POPTR
bch-orga-scbd-12126-5	Potato leafroll virus	PLRV
bch-orga-scbd-114685-2	Potato virus X	PVX
bch-orga-scbd-12127-7	Potato virus Y	PVY
bch-orga-scbd-104622-3	Primula juliae	Juliae primrose, PRIJU
bch-orga-scbd-107863-2	Prototheca moriformis	PROMF	Prototheca sp. are achloroplyllous algae with phylogenetic affinities to Chlorella sp. The genus is comprised of four known species, P. zopfii, P. moriformis, P. wickerhamii and P. stagnora. Three hundred strains of Prototheca sp. are characterized on the basis of their morphology and physiology.
bch-orga-scbd-104307-2	Prunus domestica	Plum tree, Plum
bch-orga-scbd-14934-4	Pseudomonas chlororaphis	PSECL	Pseudomonas chlororaphis is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It can act as a biocontrol agent against certain fungal plant pathogens via production of phenazine type antibiotics.
bch-orga-scbd-48835-4	Pseudomonas fluorescens	PSEFL
bch-orga-scbd-113294-1	Pyramimonas cordata	Microalga, PYRCR
bch-orga-scbd-115639-2	Pythium irregulare		P. irregulare is a water mold organism (fungal-like protist).
bch-orga-scbd-102023-6	Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus	RHDV
bch-orga-scbd-100343-6	Rabies lyssavirus	Rabies virus
bch-orga-scbd-113295-1	Rebecca salina	Microalga, REBSA
bch-orga-scbd-107871-2	Rhodococcus equi	RHOE1
bch-orga-scbd-114273-1	Ricinus communis	Castor bean
bch-orga-scbd-115610-2	Rift Valley fever phlebovirus	RVFV
bch-orga-scbd-43795-5	Rosa hybrida	Rose, ROSHC
bch-orga-scbd-110930-2	Ruminiclostridium thermocellum	CLOTM
bch-orga-scbd-45724-5	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Yeast, YEASX	Used commercially as baker's yeast, in fermentation, and as a vitamin supplement.
bch-orga-scbd-115592-1	Saccharum officinarum L.	Sugarcane, Sugar cane	Saccharum officinarum is a member of the grass family and is responsible for roughly 70% of the world's sugar.
bch-orga-scbd-115837-1	Saccharum ravennae	Plume grass, Ravenna grass, Elephant grass	Saccharum ravennae is a fast growing, clump-forming perennial grass growing between 2 to 4.5 meters tall with 1.5 meter long leaves. The grass has been planted an an ornamental grass due to its impressive floral plumes, but is known as an invasive species in the United States of America. Fodder, soil erosion and biofuel uses have also been explored. Ravenna grass likely has a chromosome count of 2n = 20. It is suggested that the species has high genetic variability.
bch-orga-scbd-100332-4	Saccharum sp.	Sugar cane	Many varieties of sugar cane exist. Specific varieties utilised for a given application is specified within the LMO record.
bch-orga-scbd-104716-2	Salmo salar	Atlantic Salmon
bch-orga-scbd-45768-4	Salmonella typhimurium	SALTM
bch-orga-scbd-104592-3	Salvia splendens	Salvia, Ornamental Sage, Scarlet Sage, Tropical Sage, SALSN
bch-orga-scbd-102012-3	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	Fission yeast
bch-orga-scbd-241154-1	Scientific name	ternate scientific name (synonyms), 3234	er relevant information Please use this field to provide any other relevant information that may not have been addressed elsewhere in the record. BoldItalicStrikethroughLink HeadingQuoteCodeBulletsNumbersDecrease Level
bch-orga-scbd-113189-1	Serratia spp.	SERSF
bch-orga-scbd-115838-1	Setaria italica	Foxtail millet, Italian millet	Foxtail millet is a grain crop in temperate, subtropical and tropical Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and southern Europe. The grain has been used as a beverage base for dairy alternatives. The millet is grown as a forage crop in the Americas, Australia and Africa. Foxtail millet is an annual grass between 0.6 to 1.2 meters tall. The crop duration for the millet is 80 to 120 days. Foxtail millet is largely self-pollinating with an average outcrossing rate of 4%; natural hybrids between wild and cultivated types occur. Foxtail millet has largely lost the ability of natural seed dispersal and shows a tendency toward uniform plant maturity. It has a diploid nuclear genome of roughly 490 to 515 MB and nine chromosomes (2n = 18). It is predicted to have over 35,500 genes. It is a model organism for C4 photosynthesis, stress responses, water usage and may have potential in bioenergy applications.
bch-orga-scbd-111563-1	Sinorhizobium meliloti	RHIML
bch-orga-scbd-12108-3	Solanum bulbocastaneum	Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade
bch-orga-scbd-12079-5	Solanum lycopersicum	Tomato, SOLLC	The tomato is a short-lived perennial plant, grown as an annual plant, typically growing to 1-3 m tall. The fruit is an edible, brightly coloured (usually red, from the pigment lycopene) berry, 1-2 cm diameter in wild plants, commonly much larger in cultivated forms. Tomato is a very widely grown plant that is generally regarded as safe and does not have weedy or invasive properties. It is generally considered that the domesticated tomato is incapable of persisting or thriving in unmanaged environments, and tomato is regarded as an inbreeder. Tomatoes contain small quantities of natural toxins, including tyramine, seratonin, tryptamine and tomatine (in unripe tomatoes). The levels of these are not considered hazardous in present commercial varieties.
bch-orga-scbd-115628-1	Solanum melongena	Eggplant, Aubergine, Brinjal	Eggplants are diploid with 12 chromosomes (2n = 24) and roughly 24000 predicted genes. The genome size is predicted to be 1.1 - 1.2 Gb (1100 to 1200 Mb).
bch-orga-scbd-260831-2	Solanum mochiquense	SOLMQ	Solanum mochiquense is a blight-resistant wild relative to potatoes. It is adapted to dry environments.
bch-orga-scbd-47832-5	Solanum nigrum	Black nightshade, SOLNI	Poisoning occurs from ingesting the plants or parts of it, especially the unripened fruits. The main target organs are the cardiovascular and central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. The main signs and symptoms are cardiovascular (tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypotension) on the central nervous system (delirium, psychomotor, agitation, paralysis, coma and convulsion) and gastrointestinal nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
bch-orga-scbd-102154-5	Solanum stoloniferum	Wild potato
bch-orga-scbd-12106-6	Solanum tuberosum	Potato, SOLTU	Solanum tuberosum (potato) is divided into two subspecies: tuberosum and andigena. S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum is the widely cultivated crop plant used in, for example, Europe and North America. S. tuberosum subsp. andigena is also a cultivated species, but cultivation is restricted to Central and South America.
bch-orga-scbd-102153-6	Solanum venturii	Wild Potato, SOLVN	Solanum venturii may cross with a number of closely related Solanum species including S. sanctae-rosae, S. neorossii, S. vernei and S. microdontum.
bch-orga-scbd-106423-4	Solanum verrucosum	SOLVR
bch-orga-scbd-103613-2	Sorghum bicolor	Sorghum
bch-orga-scbd-104811-3	Sphingobium herbicidovorans	SPHHE
bch-orga-scbd-103094-4	Spinacia oleracea	Spinach, SPIOL
bch-orga-scbd-259116-3	Spodoptera frugiperda	Fall armyworm	The fall armyworm is an important agricultural pest that feeds on leaves, stems and reproductive parts of more than 350 plant species, including maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, wheat, cotton and many vegetables. It has two host-plant strains: C-strain (corn strain), which feeds primarily on maize, cotton and sorghum; and the R-strain (rice-strain), which is more associated with rice and pasture grasses. The species has a high invasion potential due to short generation time, high fecundity (~1000 eggs per female), long distance dissemination, resistance to control methods and polyphagous abilities. At 28℃, the generation time is between 30 to 40 days (roughly 55 days at cooler temperatures) and thus can produce several generations per season. Resistance to chemical insecticides, Bt toxins and viral biocontrol have been reported. Spodoptera frugiperda has a genome of about 390 megabases with 32 chromosomes. It is estimated that there are 22,260 proteins. Cell line Sf9 is a commonly used platform for studying recombinant proteins using Baculovirus-expression platforms. The cells were originally established from ovarian tissues and support high-levels of protein expression.
bch-orga-scbd-103677-3	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	S. maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas
bch-orga-scbd-109044-3	Strawberry vein banding virus	SVBV
bch-orga-scbd-108281-2	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Pneumococcus, STREE
bch-orga-scbd-100375-4	Streptococcus thermophilus	Streptococcus, Strep
bch-orga-scbd-12103-4	Streptomyces hygroscopicus	STRHY
bch-orga-scbd-265209-1	Streptomyces sviceus	STRXS	Streptomyces sviceus is a Gram-positive, aerobic bacterium commonly found in soil. The enzymes produced by the bacteria (e.g. tannase, lignocellulolytic anzymes, laccase, etc.) are being researched for its potential application in food, feed and pharmaceutical industries.
bch-orga-scbd-12102-4	Streptomyces viridochromogenes	STRVR
bch-orga-scbd-101020-6	Subterranean clover stunt virus	SCSV, Subterranean clover stunt virus
bch-orga-scbd-100338-4	Suid alphaherpesvirus 1	SHV-1
bch-orga-scbd-263110-1	Sus scrofa domesticus	Domestic pig, Hog, Swine, PIG	Pigs are domesticated, omnivorous, even-toed hooved mammals. They are social and vocal animals with a well-developed sense of smell. Generally, they are raised as a protein source, but have also been used for research, pharmaceuticals and as pets. There are over 70 breeds of domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to cross with wild boar ( Sus scrofa). The genome of pigs is roughly 2.4 Gb with 19 chromosomes. The genome encodes an estimated 22,342 proteins.
bch-orga-scbd-102157-6	Synechocystis sp.	Cyanobacteria, SYNYX
bch-orga-scbd-115632-1	Thalassiosira pseudonana	Centric diatom	The diatom is between 2.5 to 15 µm in diameter. It lives singly or in chains up to 6 cells long and is capable of sexually reproducing.
bch-orga-scbd-14980-5	Thermococcales spp.	Thermococcus	The three genera of the order Thermococcales (Thermococcus, Pyrococcus, and Palaeococcus) are a large and diverse group of organisms widely used as model systems for biochemical and physiological studies of hyperthermophilic archaea.
bch-orga-scbd-103095-4	Thermosynechococcus elongatus	Cyanobacteria	Thermosynechococcus elongatus is unicellular and rod-shaped and is classified as a group I cyanobacteria due to its morphological appearance. As all cyanobacteria T. elongatus can perform oxygenic photosynthesis, it is obligate photoautotrophic. However, as a nitrogen storage molecule T. elongatus synthesizes cyanophicin, a co-polymer from aspartate and arginine that is catabolized upon nitrogen deficiency. Its most distinct feature compared to other cyanobacteria is its thermophil character.
bch-orga-scbd-115271-1	Thraustochytrium sp.	Thraustochytrids	Thraustochytrium sp. accumulate high quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Current research is focusing on applications of marine algae in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, animal and aquaculture feeds and biofuel industries.
bch-orga-scbd-104663-5	Tobacco etch virus	TEV
bch-orga-scbd-104819-3	Tobacco mosaic virus	TMV
bch-orga-scbd-43792-6	Torenia sp.	Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Torenia is a genus of plants in the snapdragon family, Scrophulariaceae or also classified in Linderniaceae by some authors. Often called Wishbone flowers, some species are grown as garden plants. Many F1 and F2 Torenia hybrids have been hybridizied in the last 30 years. Colors can range from white with yellow thoats to violet, blue, cobalt, lavender and purple.
bch-orga-scbd-108889-2	Trichoderma harzianum	TRIHA	The fungus Trichoderma harzianum occurs as a parasite on various economically significant phytopathogenic fungi. The formation of endo- and exochitinase enables T. harzianum to readily colonize plant roots and some strains are rhizosphere competent i.e. able to grow on roots as they develop. Trichoderma spp. also attack, parasitize and otherwise gain nutrition from other fungi. They have evolved numerous mechanisms for both attack of other fungi and for enhancing plant and root growth. Different strains of Trichoderma control almost every pathogenic fungus for which control has been sought.
bch-orga-scbd-115234-1	Trichoplusia ni	Cabbage looper, Cabbage looper moth, Cabbage plusia, Common cabbage looper, Lettuce looper	Adults feed on the nectar from many flowers, include clover, sunflower, goldenrod and dogbane.
bch-orga-scbd-110927-2	Trifolium pratense	Red clover, Rotklee, Purple clover, Peavine clover, TRIPR
bch-orga-scbd-263031-1	Tripsacum dactyloides	Eastern gamagrass, TRIDA, Gama grass	Eastern gamagrass ( Tripsacum dactyloides ) is a long-lived, perennial C4 grass. It is cultivated as a hay and silage crop, for soil conservation and for erosion control. It is also planted as a soil conditioner in drained swamps, for use in mulching and as an ornamental plant. The chromosome number reported varies greatly from diploid (2 n = 2x = 36), to triploid (2 n = 3x = 54), tetraploid (2 n = 4x = 72), pentaploid (2 n = 5x = 90), and hexaploid (2 n = 6x = 108). It has separate male and female flowers (monoecious), but each spike contains both male and female flowers. Only the diploid plants are sexual and cross-pollinated. The tetraploids and the rest of the polyploids are apomictic and produce seeds asexually. Crossing between the sexual diploids and the polyploids can occur. The grass is spread by seeds. The grass is a wild genetic relative of cultivated maize Zea mays , and it has been suggested that Zea mays may be the result of a cross between T. dactyloides and Zea diploperennis , a perennial variety of teosinte. Like other Tripsacum species, T. dactyloides can hybridize with domesticated maize and teosinte species, although offspring of direct crosses are typically sterile. It is possible to cook the seeds and grind them into flour.
bch-orga-scbd-45396-4	Triticum aestivum	Wheat
bch-orga-scbd-110309-2	Tulipa gesneriana	Tulip, Garden Tulip, Didier's tulip, TULGE
bch-orga-scbd-115109-2	Ugandan cassava brown streak virus	UCBSV	Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) is a monopartite, (positive) single stranded RNA virus consisting of around 9050 nucleotides and a poly-A tail. The viral genome is encapsulated by the 43 kiloDalton coat protein. UCBSV contains a similar arrangement to the Cassava brown streak viral genome. Please note that UCBSV is closely related to Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), which are the causal agents in Cassava Brown Streak Disease in cassava. The symptoms are similar between the two viruses. However, CBSV infects cassava more readily than UCBSV and causes more severe symptoms.
bch-orga-scbd-14933-4	Umbellularia californica	Laurel, California Bay Laurel, UMBCA	Umbellularia californica is a tree native to coastal forests of western North America. It is the sole species in the genus Umbellularia. It ranges near the coast from Douglas County, Oregon south through California to San Diego County and is also found in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1600 m. It is also grown as an ornamental tree, both in its native area, and elsewhere further north up the Pacific coast to Vancouver in Canada, and in western Europe.
bch-orga-scbd-47789-6	Ustilago maydis virus H1
bch-orga-scbd-100342-6	Vaccinia virus	Poxvirus, Smallpox vaccine, VACV, VV, Vaccinia	Vaccinia virus is well known for its role as a vaccine (its namesake) that eradicated the smallpox disease, making it the first human disease to be successfully eradicated by science.
bch-orga-scbd-45826-3	Vibrio cholerae
bch-orga-scbd-103754-3	Vibrio harveyi	Vibrio, V. harveyi
bch-orga-scbd-48359-3	Vicia faba	Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
bch-orga-scbd-103617-3	Vigna unguiculata	Cowpea, Black eyed pea
bch-orga-scbd-14929-5	Viola sp.	Pansy, VIOLA	The pansy or pansy violets are a large group of hybrid plants cultivated as garden flowers. Pansies are derived from Viola species Viola tricolor hybridized with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as Viola × wittrockiana or less commonly Viola tricolor hortensis.
bch-orga-scbd-101177-3	Vitis vinifera	Grape Vine
bch-orga-scbd-15022-6	Watermelon mosaic virus		NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS 1
bch-orga-scbd-100376-4	Xenorhabdus luminescens	P. luminescens
bch-orga-scbd-114710-2	Yellow fever virus	YFV 17D	The YFV 17D is the only available vaccine against Yellow fever. The wild-type Yellow fever virus is present in tropical regions of Africa, South America, and Central America.
bch-orga-scbd-246-6	Zea mays	Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Maize, or corn, is a cereal grain, the kernel of which is largely refined into products used in a wide range of food, medical, and industrial goods. Maize is a member of the Maydeae tribe of the grass family, Poaceae. It is a robust monoecious annual plant, which requires the help of man to disperse its seeds for propagation and survival. Corn is the most efficient plant for capturing the energy of the sun and converting it into food, it has a great plasticity adapting to extreme and different conditions of humidity, sunlight, altitude, and temperature. It can only be crossed experimentally with the genus Tripsacum, however member species of its own genus (teosinte) easily hybridise with it under natural conditions. Zea mays is an allogamous plant that propagates through seed produced predominantly by cross-pollination and depends mainly on wind borne cross-fertilisation. The interaction between domesticated plants and their wild relatives can lead to hybridisation and in many cases to gene flow of new alleles from a novel crop into the wild population. Some teosinte species can produce fertile hybrids with maizeand it has been documented that maize and teosinte often interact, particularly with Zea mays ssp. mexicana. Also, the known distribution of teosintes, together with high likelihood of the presence of land races in the maize production areas of Mexico indicates that there exist high probabilities of genetic exchange between conventional maize, land races and teosinte. Out-crossing of maize with Tripsacum species is not known to occur in the wild. Another factor to take into account regarding gene flow is the exchange of seed and traditional maize improvement practised by peasant communities and small farmers. Rural communities are open systems where “...there is a constant flow of genetic material among communities over large areas.” therefore, as in the case of Mexico, “...a land race variety, an improved variety, or a transgenic variety of maize, can reach any zone of the country, even the most isolated ones, such as those where teosinte grows.” The human factor together with the changes in policy and strategies in maize production may increase several fold the chance of gene flow between improved maize, teosinte and landraces. Human consumption of corn and cornmeal constitutes a staple food in many regions of the world. However, only a small amount of whole maize kernel is consumed by humans. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and many forms of maize are used for food, including Flour corn (subsp. mays Amylacea Group), Popcorn (subsp. mays Everta Group), Dent corn (subsp. mays Indentata Group), Flint corn (subsp. mays Indurata Group), Sweetcorn (subsp. mays Saccharata Group), Waxy corn (ceratina Kuleshov) and Pod corn (var. tunicata Larrañaga ex A. St. Hil). The grain also has many industrial uses, including transformation into plastics and fabrics. Some is hydrolyzed and enyzmatically treated to produce sweeteners (such as high fructose corn syrup), and some is fermented and distilled to produce grain alcohol, including ethanol. Refined maize products, sweeteners, starch, and oil are abundant in processed foods such as breakfast cereals, dairy goods, and chewing gum.
bch-orga-scbd-104715-3	Zoarces americanus	Ocean pout, Poodler, Mother-of-eels, Muttonfish, North-Atlantic ocean pout, ZOAAM
bch-orga-scbd-15023-5	Zucchini yellow mosaic virus	ZYMV

Abelmoschus esculentus

Okra, Lady's finger

Due to the large number of chromosomes and polyploidy, a whole genome sequence has not yet been elucidated.

Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A

Adeno-associated virus 2

Adeno-associated virus 2 is a naked, icosahedral (20 - 25 nm diameter), single-stranded DNA virus. The genome consists of a single chromosome of 4679 nucleotides, flanked terminal repeats of 145 nucleotides that terminate in 125 nucleotide T-shaped hairpins (homotelomeric). These inverted repeats facilitate the integration into the host genome. As such, they have been employed in recombinant vectors to insert transgenes into the host genome. Thus, they may have a role in gene therapy.

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Aedes aegypti

Yellow fever mosquito, AEDAE

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Aequorea victoria

Crystal Jellyfish, Water Jellyfish, AEQVI

This jellyfish is capable of producing flashes of blue light by a quick release of Ca2+. The components required for bioluminescence include a Calcium++ activated photoprotein, called aequorin, that emits a blue-green light, and an accessory green fluorescent protein (GFP), which accepts energy from aequorin and re-emits it as green light. For further information about fluorescence, see References.

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African cassava mosaic virus

ACMV

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Agrobacterium rhizogenes

AGRRH

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a species of bacteria that causes tumors (commonly known as 'galls' or 'crown galls') in dicots. This bacterium causes crown gall by inserting a small segment of DNA (known as the T-DNA, for 'transfer DNA') into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome. A. tumefaciens is commonly used as a vector to introduce DNA carried on a plasmid into a recipient organism. The vector is 'disarmed' since it lacks the genes which encode the tumorigenic functions of A. tumefaciens. This type of vector has been used frequently for introducing new genes into plants without causing biosafety concerns: the procedures used generally ensure that no Agrobacterium remains in the regenerated transgenic plants.

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Agrostis stolonifera

Creeping bentgrass, Creeping bent, Fiorin, Spreading bent, Carpet bentgrass, Redtop, AGRST

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Alfalfa mosaic virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV

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Amaranthus hybridus

Slim Amaranth, Green Amaranth, Pigweed

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Ananas comosus

Pineapple, ANACO

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Anastrepha ludens

Mexican fruit fly

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Andropogon gerardii

Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Tall bluestem, Bluejoint, ANGER

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Anopheles coluzzii

African malaria mosquito, Malaria mosquito, Mosquito

While hybrid males from most crosses between species of the An. gambiae complex are sterile, males from crosses between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii do not show signatures of genetic incompatibilities and are fully fertile, with no obvious loss in fitness under laboratory conditions. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato is a complex of biological siblings which are genetically and behaviourally distinct and vary in their importance as malaria vectors. The members of the complex are morphologically indistinguishable as adults and are identified using molecular methodologies. The Anopheles gambiae complex of sibling species (1974; Coetzee et al., 2013) comprises nine related but reproductively isolated species that are almost indistinguishable morphologically: Anopheles amharicus (Hunt et al., 2013), Anopheles arabiensis (Patton 1905), Anopheles bwambae (White 1985), Anopheles gambiae (Giles 1902), Anopheles coluzzii (Coetzee & Wikerson 2013), Anopheles melas (Theobald 1903), Anopheles merus (Dönitz 1902), and Anopheles fontenillei (Barron et al., 2018). Additional information on the distribution of mosquito species that transmit malaria, can be found at the Malaria Atlas Project: https://malariaatlas.org .

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Anopheles gambiae

African malaria mosquito, Mosquito, Malaria mosquito, ANOGA

An. gambiae is a complex of biological siblings which are genetically and behaviourally distinct and vary in their importance as malaria vectors. The members of the complex are morphologically indistinguishable as adults and are identified using molecular methodologies. The Anopheles gambiae complex of sibling species comprises nine related but reproductively isolated species that are almost indistinguishable morphologically: Anopheles amharicus , Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles bwambae , Anopheles gambiae , Anopheles coluzzii , Anopheles melas, Anopheles merus and Anopheles fontenillei . Collectively they are sometimes called Anopheles gambiae sensu lato , or An. gambiae s.l. meaning ‘in the wider sense.’ Some species in the complex ( An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis ) are the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Anopheles mosquitoes, being poikilotherms, have life history characteristics that are dependent on ambient temperatures. These life history characteristics include their biting rates, the duration of their gonotrophic cycles, their fecundity, the survival and development of the immature mosquitoes and the adult.

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Antirrhinum majus

Common Snapdragon, Snapdragon

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. Arabidopsis is not of major agronomic significance, but it offers important advantages for basic research in genetics and molecular biology.

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Artemisia annua

Artemisia, Sweet Wormwood, Sweet Annie, Sweet Sagewort, Annual Wormwood

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Arthrobacter globiformis

Arthrobacter

Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in soil. All species in this genus are Gram-positive obligate aerobes that are rods during exponential growth and cocci in their stationary phase.

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Arundo donax

Giant reed

Arundo donax is listed as one of the 100 world's worst invasive alien species due to its aggressive growth, environmental tolerance and long life (over 40 years). The reed can reached heights of 10 meters. Vegetative reproduction appears to be principle means for population expansion through rhizome extension or plant fragments carried downstream (root formation can occur on plant fragments). Once established, the giant reed can form colonies spanning several acres. Sexual reproduction may not be important for this species as most specimens do not produce viable seeds. Even when green, the plants are highly flammable. A. donax has been cultivated as a source of materials for instruments (flutes, pipes, etc.), building materials, materials for basket weaving and fuelwood. The reed was introduced to other areas as an ornamental plant and to stabilize soils against erosion. Other potential applications include carbon sequestration, source of fibre (pulp and paper, rayon) and use as an energy crop. Medically, the reed has been used as a sudorific, a diuretic, a diaphoretic, an emollient, a galactofuge and an anti-lactant in the treatment of dropsy. Isolated alkaloids may also raise blood pressure and contract the intestine. Phytocompounds may also have anti-carcinogenic properties. The reed contains a base chromosome number of 12. However, various ploidy levels have been reported. Genetic diversity is expected to be low due to the vegetative propagation of the reed. Thus far, the chloroplast is the only genome to be completely sequenced (GenBank: KX109945.1). De novo assembly of the transcriptome has occurred.

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Aspergillus nidulans

EMEND

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Aspergillus niger

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Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus

AcMNPV

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Avena sativa

Oat, AVESA

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Avian orthoavulavirus 1

Newcastle disease virus, NDV

The Newcastle Disease (ND) is highly contagious, implying high economic impact, caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) of the Paramyxoviridae family, Rubulavirus genus. The viral particle is formed by an enveloped nucleocapsid with fusion (F) protein spicules and hemaglutinine-neuramidase (HN) protein. Pathogenicity of the virus varies greatly and the disease may range from a light respiratory tract infection to a 100% mortality rate. Immunization against ND has been conducted with either live or inactivated virus. Live Newcastle Disease vaccine, with low virulence strain, has the advantage of mass administration and induces both local and cell immune response. Inactivated virus vaccine induces low levels of protection. Infection by Newcastle Disease virus may occur through either inhalation or ingestion: the virus is present in the air exhaled by the birds, in their faeces and all over the bird carcass during acute infection and death. Due to the occurrence of such diseases, sanitary barriers are established in domestic and foreign trade of birds and their by-products, ensuing large economic losses for countries where the diseases are recorded. Given the economic importance of such pathogens, availability of vaccines is essential to immunize susceptible organisms.

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

BACAM

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a Gram-positive, aerobic baterium found in soil samples in nature. Alpha amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is often used in starch hydrolysis. B. amyloliquefaciens is also a source of subtilisin, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins in a similar way to trypsin. It also produces Barnase, an extracellular guanine specific ribonuclease, and barstar is its intracellular inhibitor.

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Bacillus cereus CHB37

This strain of Bacillus cereus was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil in Malaysia. Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped facultative anaerobe. Some strains have been known to produce toxins.

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Bacillus licheniformis

BACLI

Bacillus licheniformis is toxinogenic and food poisoning in humans has been associated with cooked meat, poultry and vegetable dishes (particularly stews and curries which have been served with rice). Food poisoning by Bacillus licheniformis is characterised by diarrhoea, although vomiting occurs in half of reported cases. Bacillus licheniformis is used by industry to produce proteases and amylases. Proteases are needed in huge amounts for example as additions to washing agents. B. licheniformis is also used to make the polypeptide antibiotic Bacitracin.

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Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus, BACIU

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.

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Bacillus thuringiensis

Bt, Bacillus, BACTU

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Bacteriophage P1

Phage P1

P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a plasmid in the bacterium unlike other phages that integrate into the host DNA. P1 has an icosahedral "head" containing the DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail fibers. The P1 phage has gained research interest because it can be used to create the P1-derived artificial chromosome cloning vector which can carry relatively large fragments of DNA. Also, P1 encodes a site-specific recombinase, Cre, that is widely used to carry out cell-specific or time-specific DNA recombination by flanking the target DNA with loxP sites.(see Cre-Lox recombination)

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Bacteriophage T3

Phage T3, T3

Enterobacteria phage T3 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. It is in the genus T7-like Phages, of the family podoviridae (characterized by short, non-contractile tails).

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Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae

Olive fruit fly, Olive fly

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Bactrocera dorsalis

Oriental fruit fly

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Banana streak virus Acuminata Yunnan

BSV(AY)

Banana streak virus Acuminata Yunnan is a non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus with a circular genome encoding three open reading readings. The virus infects bananas ( Musa sp. ), causing banana streak disease. The symptoms will vary between banana streak viruses, but common symptoms include chlorotic and necrotic streaking. The infections will lead to stunted growth and reduction in bunch size (yield loss). The virus has been observed to integrate into the genome of the host banana. The virus likely spreads via insect vectors and may be also seedborne. It is unlikely to be mechanically transmitted. Banana streak virus is similar to Sugarcane bacilliform virus .

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Barley stripe mosaic virus

Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus; Barley false stripe virus; Barley mosaic virus; Barley mild stripe virus; Oat stripe mosaic virus

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Bean golden mosaic virus

BGMV

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Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

BNYVV

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Beta vulgaris

Common beet, Sugarbeet, BETMA

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Betula pendula

Silver birch, European white birch, Warty birch, BETPN

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Betula pubescens

White birch, Moor birch, Downy birch, European white birch, Hairy birch

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Bos taurus

Cow, Cattle, Bull, Auroch, Oxen, Bullocks

Cattle are commonly raised for meat (beef, veal), milk and hides (leather). They are also used as draft animals for pulling carts and plows. The dung of cattle is used for fertilizer (manure) or fuel. In some countries, cattle have a religious meaning.

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Brassica juncea

Indian mustard, Brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Leaf mustard, Vegetable mustard, Mustard greens, BRAJU

Brassica juncea is a natural amphidiploid hybrid (AABB genome, 2n = 36) of Brassica rapa (AA genome, 2n = 20) and Brassica nigra (BB genome, 2n=16). The species is mainly self-pollinated, but 20-30% cross-pollination was reported. Inter-specific crosses are possible between B. juncea and other mustard relatives. However, most hybridization events have required human intervention to achieve. Brown mustard has been listed as a weed species. The species is fast growing and has a broad range of growing environments. Brown mustard is grown primarily for culinary purposes (edible leaves, stems and seed; cooking oil from the seeds). The essential oils from the seeds have been used in ethno-botany.

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Brassica napus

Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

There are two types of B. napus: 1) oil-yielding oleiferous rape, of which one subset with specific quality characteristics is often referred to as "canola" (vernacular name), and 2) the tuber-bearing swede or rutabaga. Today, two species of Brassica have commercialized varieties with "double low" characteristics, i.e. low erucic acid content in the fatty acid profile and very low glucosinolate content in the meal, characteristics desirable for high-quality vegetable oil and high-quality animal feed. In North America two species (B. napus and B. rapa) are considered to be of "canola" quality. See also http://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=9845 for information on B. rapa

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Brassica oleracea

Wild cabbage, Crucifers, BRAOL

Brassica oleracea is the species of plant that has many cultivars, including many common foods, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, collards, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, savoy and Chinese kale (among others). Some cabbages are also used an ornamental plants in gardens.

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Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

Cauliflower, Broccoflower, Calabrese, Romanesci broccoli

Cauliflower is widely cultivated for its white inflorescence meristem. Several varieties (of several colours) exist. For production statistics, kindly refer to the FAOSTAT link below.

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Brassica rapa

Canola plant

Today, two species of Brassica have commercialized varieties with "double low" characteristics, i.e. low erucic acid content in the fatty acid profile and very low glucosinolate content in the meal, characteristics desirable for high-quality vegetable oil and high-quality animal feed. In North America two species (B. napus and B. rapa) are considered to be of "canola" quality. See also http://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=12083 for information on B. napus

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Brevibacillus laterosporus

BRELA

Bacillus laterosporus is an aerobic, Gram-positive, endospore forming bacilli. It has been considered a probiotic for humans and a feed additive for birds. The bacteria produces a variety of antibiotic compounds. The genome is 5.34 Mb in size. It is common for multiple plasmids to be present.

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Campanula medium

Canterbury bells, Cup-and-saucer, Bellflower, CAMME

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Canarypox virus

CNPV

Canarypox virus (CNPV) is an avipoxvirus and etiologic agent of canarypox, a disease of birds both in the wild and in commercial aviaries, where significant losses result. CNPV has been successfully used as a host range-restricted mammalian expression vector and is a vaccine vector of increasing importance, with CNPV-based veterinary vaccines commercially available and human vaccines undergoing clinical trials. Licensed and experimental CNPV-based vaccines, most of which utilize the highly attenuated ALVAC strain of CNPV, encode a range of pathogen and tumor-associated antigens, including those from rabies virus, canine distemper virus, feline leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Plasmodium falciparum, melanoma, and colorectal cancer.

bch-orga-scbd-108041-2

Capra aegagrus hircus

Domestic goat, Goat, CAPHI

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Capsicum annuum

Bell pepper, Sweet pepper, Chili pepper, CAPAN

bch-orga-scbd-113225-2

Cardiovirus A

Cardiovirus A, EMCV

bch-orga-scbd-12085-4

Carica papaya

Papaya, Pawpaw, Papaw, CARPA

Papaya, Carica papaya L., is an almost herbaceous (succulently soft-wooded), typically unbranched small tree in the family Caricaceae. Europeans first encountered papaya in the Western Hemisphere tropics by at least the early 1500s, and various interests were soon disseminating it widely. Papaya is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates mainly for its melon-like fruit.

bch-orga-scbd-112725-1

Carthamus tinctorius

Safflower, CARTI

bch-orga-scbd-115107-2

Cassava brown streak virus

Cassava Brown Streak Virus, CBSV

Cassava brown streak virus is 650 nm long and has a genome that consists of single strand of RNA and approximately 8.9 kilobases in length. The genome is encapsulated by the 45 kiloDalton coat protein. Cassava brown streak disease can also be caused by closely related virus, Ugandan cassava brown streak virus. Symptoms are indistinguishable between the two viral agents.

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Cassava vein mosaic virus

Cassava vein mosaic virus, CVMV, CsVMV

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Castanea dentata

American chestnut

The American chestnut is a long lived (400 to 600 years), fast growing, late-successional hardwood tree. The tree is a generalist, tolerating varying environmental and climatic conditions. Being monoecious, the trees bear both male and female flowers on the same plant. Fertilization occurs via wind pollination, but pollinators, such as bees, may also assist. Pollination generally occurs within 100, but the pollen may travel up to 100 km. Seeds mature in late September or October with frost serving as means to open the burs and release the seeds. People tend to use the tree for food (chestnuts) and for hardwood. The species is critically endangered due its extreme susceptibility to the chestnut blight fungus ( Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr), introduced from Asia. In addition to chestnut blight, the tree is also susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi .

bch-orga-scbd-12125-5

Cauliflower mosaic virus

CaMV

bch-orga-scbd-103107-4

Ceratitis capitata

Mediterranean fruit fly, CERCA

bch-orga-scbd-104787-4

Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus

CYLCV

bch-orga-scbd-115611-2

Chimpanzee adenovirus Y25

ChAd Y25

Chimpanzee adenovirus Y25 is part of the Human Adenovirus subgroup E. Research has demonstrated the potential of this virus to be used as a viral vaccine vector.

bch-orga-scbd-109362-2

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

CHLRE

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Chrysanthemum morifolium

Florists chrysanthemum, Mum, Florist's daisy, Hardy garden mum, CHRMO

bch-orga-scbd-12086-3

Cichorium intybus

Chicory

bch-orga-scbd-108803-2

Citrus aurantium

Sour orange, Bitter orange, Seville orange, CITAR

bch-orga-scbd-111932-1

Citrus unshiu

Satsuma mandarin, Satsuma orange, Tangerine, CITUN

bch-orga-scbd-111590-1

Clitoria ternatea

Bluebellvine, Asian pigeonwings, Butterfly pea, Blue pea, CLITE

Species is cleistogamous and self pollinates.

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Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Southern corn leaf blight fungus

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Coix lacryma-jobi

Job's tears, Adlay millet

Coix lacryma-jobi is an annual grass that is commonly grown for food, medical and ornamental uses. The grains also are used for beverages (tea and alcoholic). Due to their appearance, the seeds are used as beads for jewelry, rosaries and other decorative objects. The species has become invasive, forming dense clumps that block the flow of waterways in Singapore, Australia, New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, the Galapagos, Greece Hawaii, French Polynesia, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica and on many islands in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Similar to other grasses, C. lacryma-jobi is wind pollinated. Self- and cross- pollination can occur. Natural dispersal occurs via involucres containing the fruit, which are carried by water. The genome consists of 10 chromosomes (2n = 20) and has an estimated size of 1.56 Gb.

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Commelina communis

Asiatic dayflower, Dayflower, Common dayflower, Asiatic daisy

The asiatic dayflower is considered to be an invasive species in North America. The flower is a rapid growing perennial.

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Coriandrum sativum

Coriander, Cilantro, Dhania, Chinese parsley

Coriander is primarily a culinary herb and flavouring agent. Both the seeds and leaves of coriander are commonly used in food and food products. The plant is sometimes also used in home remedies and traditional medicine to promote digestion and to treat gastro-intestinal disorders. The essential oils extracted from coriander contain various monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. The essential oils may have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.

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Corynebacterium glutamicum

CORGT

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Cryptomeria japonica

Japanese cedar

Japanese cedar can be difficult to grow from seed. Named cultivars are propagated vegetatively by rooting mature tip cuttings in late summer or autumn, or by layering. Japanese cedar is highly prized for bonsai, and the wild form is harvested commercially for timber. Japanese cedar is one of very few conifers that will coppice - sprout back from cut stumps. See references for further information

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Cucumber mosaic virus

CMV

The natural host range of CMV is wide, including Cucumis sativus and many other cucurbits, causing mosaics and stunting, and reduced fruit yield; Lycopersicon esculentum causing mosaic, reduction of leaf laminae ("fernleaf") and stunting; and Spinacia oleracea causing severe chlorosis and stunting. It is transmitted through mechanical inoculation by an insect vector (more than 60 spp. including Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora and Myzus persicae) and by seed.

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Cucumis melo

Melon, Melons

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Cucurbita pepo

Pumpkin, Squashes

Cucurbita pepo is a morphologically and ecologically diverse species composed of genetically distinct groups of cultivars and free-living populations (i.e., self-sustaining, including both wild and weedy populations).

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Cuphea lanceolata

Cigar Flower

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Cuphea wrightii

Wright's waxweed, CUPWR

Graham, S. A., 1991. Lythraceae (II). En: Sosa, V. (ed.). Flora de Veracruz. Fascículo 66. Instituto de Ecología. Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Graham, S. A., 1994. Lythraceae. En: Rzedowski, G. C. de y J. Rzedowski (eds.). Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes. Fascículo 24. Instituto de Ecología-Centro Regional del Bajío. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México. Rzedowski, G. C. de y J. Rzedowski, 2001. Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México. 2a ed. Instituto de Ecología y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México. Villaseñor R., J. L. y F. J. Espinosa G., 1998. Catálogo de malezas de México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Consejo Nacional Consultivo Fitosanitario. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México, D.F.

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Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus

Artichoke, Globe artichoke, CYNCS

bch-orga-scbd-111830-1

Dahlia merckii

Bedding dahlia, DAHME

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Dahlia mosaic virus

DMV, 9VIRU, DaMV

Dahlia mosaic virus has an approximately 8 kilobasepair, circular, double-stranded DNA genome.

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Danio rerio

Zebra fish, leopard danio, zebra danio

In the past decade or so the zebrafish, Danio rerio, has become a vertebrate of choice in developmental biology laboratories. It is easy to keep, has a short generation time, breeds readily, and produces conveniently transparent embryos; for these and other reasons it has gradually acquired the prestigious rank of Model Organism.

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Daucus carota subsp. sativus

Carrot, DAUCA

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Deinococcus radiodurans R1

Deinococcus radiodurans is a red-pigmented, radiation-resistant bacterium. It was first isolated from a radiation-sterilized can of corned beef in 1956.The bacterium has robust DNA repair mechanisms that enable it to withstand extreme environmental conditions, such as radiation 1000-times greater than the lethal dose for humans. The genome contains multiple chromosomal copies, which also contribute to its efficient repair abilities. In an one-year exposure experiment, the bacterium survived outside the International Space Station (low Earth orbit) without exhibiting morphological damage. In addition to research, the bacterium may have applications for bioremediation.

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Delftia acidovorans

DELAC

Delftia acidovorans, is a non glucose-fermenting, gram-negative, non spore-forming rod present in soil, fresh water, activated sludge, and clinical specimens (von Gravenitz 1985, Tamaoka et al. 1987, Wen et al., 1999).

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Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Western corn rootworm, DIAVI

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Dianthus caryophyllus

Carnation, DIACA

Dianthus caryophyllus or carnation does not display hazardous or weedy characteristics and is used in the floriculture industry for cut flowers. Modern cultivars are maintained by vegetative propagation. The biology of carnation is such that there are no reasonable means for the genetically modified plants to escape from cultivation and become established as populations in the wild, or for gene dispersal from the genetically modified carnation to occur. The commercial standard carnation varieties are generally male sterile and rarely produce anthers; and if they do, little pollen is produced and this can only be transferred by insects. In commercial carnation production, outcrossing is unlikely as flowers are cut before opening. Should flowers open, only certain insects are easily able to access nectaries in flowers and there are very few opportunities for this to occur during transit and sale. Furthermore, carnations plants require 6 weeks for seed development and cut carnation flowers last only 3-4 weeks, which is not enough time for seed set.

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Dickeya dadantii

DICDA

bch-orga-scbd-103739-2

Discosoma sp.

Coral anemones, Sea anemones

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Drosophila melanogaster

Common Fruit Fly

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Enterobacter aerogenes

Enterobacter

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Enterobacteria phage T4

Bacteriophage T4, Phage T4, Coliphage T4, BPT4

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Erwinia rhapontici

ERWRD

bch-orga-scbd-103629-3

Erwinia uredovora

PANAN

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Escherichia coli

ECOLX

Colibacillosis is a common systemic disease of economic importance in poultry and occurs worldwide. Escherichia coli infection occurs as an acute fatal septicemia or subacute pericarditis and airsacculitis, as well as perihepatitis, arthritis, and also cellulitis. Among bacterial infections, colibacillosis is very often the first cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry. Large numbers of E. coli are maintained in the poultry house environment through fecal contamination. Systemic infection occurs when large numbers of pathogenic E. coli gain access to the bloodstream via the respiratory tract or intestine. Bacteremia progresses to septicemia and death, or the infection extends to serosal surfaces, pericardium, joints and other organs. Uncontrolled, avian E. coli represents a serious animal welfare concern and risk to public health as it is a zoonotic organism with avian E. coli species known to adapt to humans.

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Escherichia virus Lambda

Lambda phage, LAMBD

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Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus, Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum, Blue gum

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Feline leukemia virus

Feline leukemia virus, FeLV

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. As a retrovirus, the genetic information of FeLV is carried by RNA instead of DNA. FeLV is usually transmitted between infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. If not defeated by the animal’s immune system, the virus can be lethal. FeLV causes immunosuppression in pet cats, and there is also evidence for existence of the virus in larger wild cat populations also (e.g. Lynx, Cheetah, and Lion). Overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests FeLV is not transmissible to either humans or dogs. Note: Despite the its name, the disease is not a form of cancer. The name stems from the fact that the first disease associated with the virus was a form of leukemia, and by the time it was discovered that the virus was the causal agent, the misleading name was already being used by pet owners.

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Figwort mosaic virus

Figwort mottle virus, FMV, CMoVb

bch-orga-scbd-101024-4

Flaveria bidentis

Coastal plain yellowtops, FLABI

bch-orga-scbd-103122-3

Flaveria trinervia

Clustered Yellowtops, speedyweed, flaveria, yellow twinstem

Flaveria trinervia exhibits C4 carbon fixation.

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Fowlpox virus

FOWPV

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Francisella tularensis

bch-orga-scbd-101926-3

Galleria mellonella

Wax moth, Honeycomb Moth

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Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1

ILTV

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Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2

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Gallus gallus

Chicken, CHICK

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Glycine max

Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN

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Gossypium barbadense

Sea-island cotton, Egyptian cotton, GOSBA

bch-orga-scbd-12080-6

Gossypium hirsutum

Cotton

Cotton is of the Gossypium genus that is grown on every major continent and on West Indies and Pacific Basin islands. There are about 39 species of Gossypium worldwide, native to the tropics and warm temperate regions. Four have been domesticated and of these, Gossypium hirsutum from Mexico has become the predominant species in commercial cotton production worldwide.

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Gypsophila paniculata

Baby's Breath, Common gypsophila

Gypsophila paniculata is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a cut flower. Listed as a weed in Manitoba, Canada, as well as California and Washington, United States.

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Helianthus annuus

Sunflower, HELAN

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Helianthus tuberosus

Sunflower, Jerusalem artichokes, Sunroot, Sunchoke

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Hevea brasiliensis

Rubber tree, Para rubber tree, SiringaTree, Jebe, HEVBR

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Homo sapiens

HUMAN

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Hordeum vulgare

Barley, HORVU

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Human alphaherpesvirus 1

HHV-1, HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus 1

Herpes viruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they contain a lipid envelop surrounding a protein core. Individuals infected with HSV-1 are still at risk for acquiring HSV-2 (genital herpes).

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Human betaherpesvirus 5

Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, HHV-5

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Human immunodeficiency virus 1

HIV-1

The HIV genome consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules that are enclosed in the core of the virus particle. The viral particle is approximately 100 nm in size.

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Human mastadenovirus C, type 5

HAdV-C

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Human respirovirus 3

hPIV

bch-orga-scbd-105222-2

Infectious bursal disease virus

Gumboro virus

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Influenza A virus

Influenza, Flu, Avian flu, Human flu, Swine influenza, Equine influenza, Bird flu

Influenza A virus genome is comprised of 8 negative-sense RNA segments, encoding 10 proteins (hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (N), membrane channel protein, nucleoprotein, matrix protein, polymerase basic 1, polymerase basic 2, polymerase acidic protein, nonstructural protein 1 and nonstructural protein 2). The HA protein is categorized into 18 subtypes and confers the H number in the influenza strain (e.g. H1, H3, etc). Similarly, the N protein has 11 sub-types and confers the N number in the influenza strain (e.g. N1, N2, etc.). During co-infection of two strains, reassortment can occur to produce new strains of influenza.

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Ipomoea batatas

Sweet potato, IPOBA

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Iris sp.

Iris, IRIOR

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Japanese encephalitis virus

JEV SA14-14-2

The wild-type Japanese Encephalitis Virus can be found in East Asia and the Western Pacific islands, ranging from South Pakistan to Papua New Guinea, and Northern Queensland (Australia) to Northern Japan.

bch-orga-scbd-12128-7

Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae

Klebsiella, KLEPO

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Lachancea kluyveri

Yeast, LACKL

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Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis

Streptococcus, Strep

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Lamium leaf distortion virus

Lamium leaf distortion-associated virus, LLDV

Lamium leaf distortion virus is a Type VII virus (dsDNA with RNA intermediate; retrovirus - reserve transcription). The virion consists of a protein capsid (45 to 52 nm in diameter) and a monopartite, circular double stranded DNA genome (7713 base pairs in size).

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Lilium longiflorum

Easter lily, Trumpet lily, LILLO

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Limnanthes douglasii

Douglas' meadowfoam, Poached egg plant, LIMDO

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Linum usitatissimum

Flax, Flax, Linseed, LINUS

Linum usitatissimum L. is a species of the family Linaceae (Flax family). It is an erect, herbaceous annual which branches corymbosely above the main stem. Two types of L. usitatissimum are cultivated: the linseed type, grown for oil extracted from the seed, is a relatively short plant which produces many secondary branches compared to the flax type, grown for the fibre extracted from the stem, which is taller and is less branched. Cultivated flax is an annual reproducing by means of seed. Because of its flower structure and because its "sticky pollen" is rarely transferred by insects, flax is a highly self-pollinated species. The pollen is viable for only a few hours. As the flower opens, the anthers come together and form a cap over the stigma. Dillman (1938) in studying natural crossing in flax reported the range of natural crossing from 0-5%, there being variation among genotypes.

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Lotus japonicus

Birdsfoot trefoil, LOTJA

Lotus japonicus is a wild legume that belongs to family Fabaceae. Members of this family are very diverse, constituting about 20,000 species. They are of significant agricultural and biological importance as many of the legume species are rich sources of protein and oil and can also fix atmospheric nitrogen. L. japonicus has become a model plant for genome studies in legumes, particularly in reference to rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Small genome size of about 470 Mb, diploid genome with 6 haploid chromosomes, a short life cycle of about 2 to 3 months and its perennial nature makes it a convenient plant to study.

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Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1

SV40, Simian vacuolating virus 40, simian virus 40, Rhesus macaque polyomavirus

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Malus domestica

Apple, MALDO

The various Malus species include the flowering crabapples, edible fruit crabapples, as well as the domesticated grocery and orchard apples.

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Manihot esculenta

Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES

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Medicago sativa

Alfalfa, Lucerne, MEDSV

Lucerne is the most important of the world's forage crops and was domesticated for feeding animals rather than for direct human consumption. There are a wide variety of Medicago sativa cultivars some of which are the product of hybridisation with other wild Medicago species in Europe and Asia. Different cultivars do better in different climatic extremes. Seed production by Lucerne can be detrimentally affected by poor pollination, often because honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to avoid triggering the anthers and releasing pollen when extracting nectar. Solitary bees such as bumblebees (Bombus) are the best pollinators.

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Medicago truncatula

Barrelclover, Strong-spined medick, Barrel medic, Barrel medick, MEDTR

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Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1

Turkey herpesvirus, Meleagrid herpesvirus 1

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Micromonas pusilla

Picoplanktonic green alga, MICPS

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Mirabilis mosaic virus

MMV

Like other caulimoviruses, Mirabilis mosaic virus is a Type VII virus (dsDNA with RNA intermediate; use of reserve transcription). The virion consists of a protein capsid and a monopartite, open circular, double stranded DNA.

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Mus musculus

Mouse, House mouse, MOUSE

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Musa sp.

Banana, Plantain

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum

MG, MYCGL

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Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Wild daffodil, Lent lily, Daffodil, NARPS

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Nephila clavipes

Golden silk orbweaver spider

The female Nephila clavipes has a number of different spinning glands for producing a range of fibres with different properties. The most stable fibre is the dragline, which displays high tensile strength and is therefore of interest for use as a biomaterial.

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Neurospora crassa

NEUCS

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Nicotiana tabacum

Tobacco, TOBAC

Nicotiana tabacum is the plant that is cultivated as the principal source of tobacco.

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Ochrobactrum anthropi

OCHAN

bch-orga-scbd-104717-3

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS

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Ophioderma pendulum

Old World adder's-tongue, Daun rambu, OPHPE

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Oreochromis hornorum x Oreochromis aureus

Hybrid tilapia

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Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus

OpMNPV

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Oryza sativa

Rice, ORYSA

Rice is grown worldwide and is a staple food for about a half of the world’s population. It is a nutritious grain crop which contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, etc. Rice straw is an important animal feed in many countries.

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Ostreococcus tauri

Green algae

Ostreococcus tauri has been described as the smallest free-living eukaryote thusfar described and referred to as a picophytoplankton. Cells are roughly 1 μm and contain a signal chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus and Golgi apparatus. The cells also lack a flagella and cell wall. The algae has become a model for researchers, who are particularly interested in the algae as a model for eukaryotic genome evolution.

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Paenibacillus macerans

PAEMA

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Papaya ringspot virus

PRSV

There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species. The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates (PRSV-P). This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family (Cucurbitaceae). The other type, Type W isolates (PRSV-W), does not infect papaya. Isolates of PRSV-W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon, cucumber, and squash and were originally known as Watermelon mosaic virus 1'. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS 2!

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Pavlova lutheri

Pavlova lutheri is a marine algae.

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Pea enation mosaic virus 1

PEMV-1

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Pea seed-borne mosaic virus

PSbMV

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Peanut chlorotic streak virus

PCSV, PClSV

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Pectinophora gossypiella

Pink Bollworm

bch-orga-scbd-108042-2

Pectobacterium carotovorum

PECCA

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Perilla frutescens

Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR

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Pestivirus A

BVDV-1

The virus genome is positive-strand RNA that is translated to form a single virus polyprotein, which, through cleavage by both host and virus proteases, gives rise to either 11 or 12 mature viral proteins (NH2-Npro-C-Erns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH), dependent on the virus biotype

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Pestivirus B

BVDV-2

The virus genome is positive-strand RNA that is translated to form a single virus polyprotein, which, through cleavage by both host and virus proteases, gives rise to either 11 or 12 mature viral proteins (NH2-Npro-C-Erns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH), dependent on the virus biotype

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Petroselinum crispum

Parsley

Parsley is a vitamin- and mineral- rich leafy vegetable, commonly used as a herb in cooking. It has also been used as a traditional medicine and some research indicates that it may have pharmacological uses. The plant is also grown for its essential oils. Extracts from parsley leaves has been used to synthesize nanoparticles.

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Petunia hybrida

Petunia, PETHY

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Phalaenopsis sp.

Moth orchid

Moth orchids are an ornamental, potted flowers of high economic value globally.

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Phaseolus vulgaris

String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU

Commercially, most beans in the genus are classified as (1) pod/snap beans (string beans, stringless beans, pole beans or wax beans in tender tasty immature pods), (2) shell beans (pod is not eaten, but beans are shelled from the pod when swollen and somewhat dry but prior to full maturity) or (3) dry beans (removed from the pod at full maturity only after totally drying and beginning to rattle around inside the pod).

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Photinus pyralis

North American firefly, Common Eastern firefly, Big Dipper firefly, PHOPY

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Photorhabdus luminescens

Bacteria

P. luminescens promotes its own transmission among susceptible insect populations using its nematode host. Upon invasion of the host the bacteria are released directly into the open blood system of the insect. Its life cycle comprises a symbiotic stage in the nematode's gut and a virulent stage in the insect larvae, which it kills through toxemia and septicemia. After the nematode attacks a prey insect and P. luminescens is released, the bacterium produces a wide variety of virulence factors ensuring rapid insect killing. Bioconversion of the insect cadaver by exoenzymes produced by the bacteria allow the it to multiply and the nematode to reproduce. During this process P. luminescens produces antibiotics to prevent invasion of the insect cadaver by bacterial or fungal competitors and the carcass becomes visibly luminescent due to the bioluminescence of P. luminescens. Once the infection is established, the insect cadaver is bioconverted into a source of nutrients for both the bacteria and the nematodes. Infective juvenile nematodes subsequently re-acquire the bacteria and leave the insect to infect new hosts. For genomic information, see References. The bacteria alone are highly lethal to insect larvae when injected into the hemocoel, with less than 30 P. luminescens cells causing 50% mortality to insect larvae (LD50), but are not pathogenic when ingested by insect larvae.

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Physarum polycephalum

Plasmodial slime molds, Slime mold, PHYPO

Physarum polycephalum is a large, yellow slime mold that is commonly studied in laboratories due to its ease to culture and highly visible cytoplasmic streaming. The organism is essentially a giant multi-nucleated, unicellular protist stretching up to hundreds of squared centimeters. There are no cell walls or membrane separating the nuclei. It uses tubular elements, chemical signals and circulating nutrients to form pseudopods that allow it to navigate in the environment. They can digest solid food similar to an amoeba or secret enzymes and absorb the nutrients. They feed on bacteria, protozoa, fungal spores, and other decaying organic material. Under adverse conditions, sclerotia (hardened resting structures of irregular form consisting of minute cell-like components). Once favourable conditions return, the sclerotia are converted back to the active growing plasmodium stage. Under conditions of starvation and sunlight, fruiting bodies form that release haploid spores. When moist conditions return, the spores will germinate as either amoeboid cells or as flagellates (if they germinate in a liquid environment). Two haploid amoeboid cells and their nuclei can fuse to begin growth into the multinucleated (with diploid nuclei) plasmodium. P. polycephalum is used for motility, cellular differentiation, chemotaxis and problem solving studies. However, they are also used for studies of RNA editing as it is the only organism known to edit RNA by both insertion and substitution of nucleotides.

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Physcomitrella patens

spreading earthmoss, physcomitrella moss

Physcomitrella patens is a model organism used for studying plant evolution, development and physiology because the species is a basal lineage of land plants (first land plants). Thus, the species is considered to be at an important phylogenetic position for understanding evolution to 'higher' plants. P. patens has also emerged as a model plant because of its high homologous recombination frequency that enables efficient gene targeting, a relatively simple morphology and a small genome size (~500Mb). The moss genome contains 27 chromosomes with 32,926 loci encoding 87,533 protein-coding transcripts.

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Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora infestans is a fungus-like microorganism (water mould) that is most famously known as being the causal agent of the Irish potato famine.

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Phytophthora sojae

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Picea abies

Norway spruce, PICAB

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Pichia pastoris

Yeast, PICPA

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Pinus sylvestris

Scotch pine, Scots pine, PINSY

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Pisum sativum

Garden pea, PEA

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Plum pox virus

PPV, Sharka

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Populus tremula

European aspen, Aspen, Common aspen, Eurasian aspen, quaking aspen, POPTN

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Populus tremula x Populus alba

Gray Poplar

Grey poplar is dioecious. The GM plants intended for release originate from the female grey poplar clone INRA 717 1-B4. Pollen formation and dispersal can thus be ruled out. Generally speaking, grey poplars reach the generative stage after about 7 to 15 years; under conditions of stress it appears that flowering may occur earlier.

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Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides

Hybrid aspen

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Populus tremula x tremuloides

Hybrid aspen

The hybrid aspen is a fast-growing, easily transformable cultivar, originating from a clone in Czechia.

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Populus trichocarpa

Western balsam poplar, Black cottonwood, California poplar, POPTR

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Potato leafroll virus

PLRV

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Potato virus X

PVX

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Potato virus Y

PVY

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Primula juliae

Juliae primrose, PRIJU

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Prototheca moriformis

PROMF

Prototheca sp. are achloroplyllous algae with phylogenetic affinities to Chlorella sp. The genus is comprised of four known species, P. zopfii, P. moriformis, P. wickerhamii and P. stagnora. Three hundred strains of Prototheca sp. are characterized on the basis of their morphology and physiology.

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Prunus domestica

Plum tree, Plum

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Pseudomonas chlororaphis

PSECL

Pseudomonas chlororaphis is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It can act as a biocontrol agent against certain fungal plant pathogens via production of phenazine type antibiotics.

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Pseudomonas fluorescens

PSEFL

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Pyramimonas cordata

Microalga, PYRCR

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Pythium irregulare

P. irregulare is a water mold organism (fungal-like protist).

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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

RHDV

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Rabies lyssavirus

Rabies virus

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Rebecca salina

Microalga, REBSA

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Rhodococcus equi

RHOE1

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Ricinus communis

Castor bean

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Rift Valley fever phlebovirus

RVFV

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Rosa hybrida

Rose, ROSHC

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Ruminiclostridium thermocellum

CLOTM

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast, YEASX

Used commercially as baker's yeast, in fermentation, and as a vitamin supplement.

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Saccharum officinarum L.

Sugarcane, Sugar cane

Saccharum officinarum is a member of the grass family and is responsible for roughly 70% of the world's sugar.

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Saccharum ravennae

Plume grass, Ravenna grass, Elephant grass

Saccharum ravennae is a fast growing, clump-forming perennial grass growing between 2 to 4.5 meters tall with 1.5 meter long leaves. The grass has been planted an an ornamental grass due to its impressive floral plumes, but is known as an invasive species in the United States of America. Fodder, soil erosion and biofuel uses have also been explored. Ravenna grass likely has a chromosome count of 2n = 20. It is suggested that the species has high genetic variability.

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Saccharum sp.

Sugar cane

Many varieties of sugar cane exist. Specific varieties utilised for a given application is specified within the LMO record.

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Salmo salar

Atlantic Salmon

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Salmonella typhimurium

SALTM

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Salvia splendens

Salvia, Ornamental Sage, Scarlet Sage, Tropical Sage, SALSN

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Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Fission yeast

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Scientific name

ternate scientific name (synonyms), 3234

er relevant information Please use this field to provide any other relevant information that may not have been addressed elsewhere in the record. BoldItalicStrikethroughLink HeadingQuoteCodeBulletsNumbersDecrease Level

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Serratia spp.

SERSF

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Setaria italica

Foxtail millet, Italian millet

Foxtail millet is a grain crop in temperate, subtropical and tropical Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and southern Europe. The grain has been used as a beverage base for dairy alternatives. The millet is grown as a forage crop in the Americas, Australia and Africa. Foxtail millet is an annual grass between 0.6 to 1.2 meters tall. The crop duration for the millet is 80 to 120 days. Foxtail millet is largely self-pollinating with an average outcrossing rate of 4%; natural hybrids between wild and cultivated types occur. Foxtail millet has largely lost the ability of natural seed dispersal and shows a tendency toward uniform plant maturity. It has a diploid nuclear genome of roughly 490 to 515 MB and nine chromosomes (2n = 18). It is predicted to have over 35,500 genes. It is a model organism for C4 photosynthesis, stress responses, water usage and may have potential in bioenergy applications.

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Sinorhizobium meliloti

RHIML

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Solanum bulbocastaneum

Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade

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Solanum lycopersicum

Tomato, SOLLC

The tomato is a short-lived perennial plant, grown as an annual plant, typically growing to 1-3 m tall. The fruit is an edible, brightly coloured (usually red, from the pigment lycopene) berry, 1-2 cm diameter in wild plants, commonly much larger in cultivated forms. Tomato is a very widely grown plant that is generally regarded as safe and does not have weedy or invasive properties. It is generally considered that the domesticated tomato is incapable of persisting or thriving in unmanaged environments, and tomato is regarded as an inbreeder. Tomatoes contain small quantities of natural toxins, including tyramine, seratonin, tryptamine and tomatine (in unripe tomatoes). The levels of these are not considered hazardous in present commercial varieties.

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Solanum melongena

Eggplant, Aubergine, Brinjal

Eggplants are diploid with 12 chromosomes (2n = 24) and roughly 24000 predicted genes. The genome size is predicted to be 1.1 - 1.2 Gb (1100 to 1200 Mb).

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Solanum mochiquense

SOLMQ

Solanum mochiquense is a blight-resistant wild relative to potatoes. It is adapted to dry environments.

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Solanum nigrum

Black nightshade, SOLNI

Poisoning occurs from ingesting the plants or parts of it, especially the unripened fruits. The main target organs are the cardiovascular and central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. The main signs and symptoms are cardiovascular (tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypotension) on the central nervous system (delirium, psychomotor, agitation, paralysis, coma and convulsion) and gastrointestinal nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).

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Solanum stoloniferum

Wild potato

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Solanum tuberosum

Potato, SOLTU

Solanum tuberosum (potato) is divided into two subspecies: tuberosum and andigena. S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum is the widely cultivated crop plant used in, for example, Europe and North America. S. tuberosum subsp. andigena is also a cultivated species, but cultivation is restricted to Central and South America.

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Solanum venturii

Wild Potato, SOLVN

Solanum venturii may cross with a number of closely related Solanum species including S. sanctae-rosae, S. neorossii, S. vernei and S. microdontum.

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Solanum verrucosum

SOLVR

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Sorghum bicolor

Sorghum

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Sphingobium herbicidovorans

SPHHE

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Spinacia oleracea

Spinach, SPIOL

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Spodoptera frugiperda

Fall armyworm

The fall armyworm is an important agricultural pest that feeds on leaves, stems and reproductive parts of more than 350 plant species, including maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, wheat, cotton and many vegetables. It has two host-plant strains: C-strain (corn strain), which feeds primarily on maize, cotton and sorghum; and the R-strain (rice-strain), which is more associated with rice and pasture grasses. The species has a high invasion potential due to short generation time, high fecundity (~1000 eggs per female), long distance dissemination, resistance to control methods and polyphagous abilities. At 28℃, the generation time is between 30 to 40 days (roughly 55 days at cooler temperatures) and thus can produce several generations per season. Resistance to chemical insecticides, Bt toxins and viral biocontrol have been reported. Spodoptera frugiperda has a genome of about 390 megabases with 32 chromosomes. It is estimated that there are 22,260 proteins. Cell line Sf9 is a commonly used platform for studying recombinant proteins using Baculovirus-expression platforms. The cells were originally established from ovarian tissues and support high-levels of protein expression.

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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

S. maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas

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Strawberry vein banding virus

SVBV

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcus, STREE

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Streptococcus thermophilus

Streptococcus, Strep

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Streptomyces hygroscopicus

STRHY

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Streptomyces sviceus

STRXS

Streptomyces sviceus is a Gram-positive, aerobic bacterium commonly found in soil. The enzymes produced by the bacteria (e.g. tannase, lignocellulolytic anzymes, laccase, etc.) are being researched for its potential application in food, feed and pharmaceutical industries.

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Streptomyces viridochromogenes

STRVR

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Subterranean clover stunt virus

SCSV, Subterranean clover stunt virus

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Suid alphaherpesvirus 1

SHV-1

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Sus scrofa domesticus

Domestic pig, Hog, Swine, PIG

Pigs are domesticated, omnivorous, even-toed hooved mammals. They are social and vocal animals with a well-developed sense of smell. Generally, they are raised as a protein source, but have also been used for research, pharmaceuticals and as pets. There are over 70 breeds of domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to cross with wild boar ( Sus scrofa). The genome of pigs is roughly 2.4 Gb with 19 chromosomes. The genome encodes an estimated 22,342 proteins.

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Synechocystis sp.

Cyanobacteria, SYNYX

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Thalassiosira pseudonana

Centric diatom

The diatom is between 2.5 to 15 µm in diameter. It lives singly or in chains up to 6 cells long and is capable of sexually reproducing.

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Thermococcales spp.

Thermococcus

The three genera of the order Thermococcales (Thermococcus, Pyrococcus, and Palaeococcus) are a large and diverse group of organisms widely used as model systems for biochemical and physiological studies of hyperthermophilic archaea.

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Thermosynechococcus elongatus

Cyanobacteria

Thermosynechococcus elongatus is unicellular and rod-shaped and is classified as a group I cyanobacteria due to its morphological appearance. As all cyanobacteria T. elongatus can perform oxygenic photosynthesis, it is obligate photoautotrophic. However, as a nitrogen storage molecule T. elongatus synthesizes cyanophicin, a co-polymer from aspartate and arginine that is catabolized upon nitrogen deficiency. Its most distinct feature compared to other cyanobacteria is its thermophil character.

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Thraustochytrium sp.

Thraustochytrids

Thraustochytrium sp. accumulate high quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Current research is focusing on applications of marine algae in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, animal and aquaculture feeds and biofuel industries.

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Tobacco etch virus

TEV

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Tobacco mosaic virus

TMV

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Torenia sp.

Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN

Torenia is a genus of plants in the snapdragon family, Scrophulariaceae or also classified in Linderniaceae by some authors. Often called Wishbone flowers, some species are grown as garden plants. Many F1 and F2 Torenia hybrids have been hybridizied in the last 30 years. Colors can range from white with yellow thoats to violet, blue, cobalt, lavender and purple.

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Trichoderma harzianum

TRIHA

The fungus Trichoderma harzianum occurs as a parasite on various economically significant phytopathogenic fungi. The formation of endo- and exochitinase enables T. harzianum to readily colonize plant roots and some strains are rhizosphere competent i.e. able to grow on roots as they develop. Trichoderma spp. also attack, parasitize and otherwise gain nutrition from other fungi. They have evolved numerous mechanisms for both attack of other fungi and for enhancing plant and root growth. Different strains of Trichoderma control almost every pathogenic fungus for which control has been sought.

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Trichoplusia ni

Cabbage looper, Cabbage looper moth, Cabbage plusia, Common cabbage looper, Lettuce looper

Adults feed on the nectar from many flowers, include clover, sunflower, goldenrod and dogbane.

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Trifolium pratense

Red clover, Rotklee, Purple clover, Peavine clover, TRIPR

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Tripsacum dactyloides

Eastern gamagrass, TRIDA, Gama grass

Eastern gamagrass ( Tripsacum dactyloides ) is a long-lived, perennial C4 grass. It is cultivated as a hay and silage crop, for soil conservation and for erosion control. It is also planted as a soil conditioner in drained swamps, for use in mulching and as an ornamental plant. The chromosome number reported varies greatly from diploid (2 n = 2x = 36), to triploid (2 n = 3x = 54), tetraploid (2 n = 4x = 72), pentaploid (2 n = 5x = 90), and hexaploid (2 n = 6x = 108). It has separate male and female flowers (monoecious), but each spike contains both male and female flowers. Only the diploid plants are sexual and cross-pollinated. The tetraploids and the rest of the polyploids are apomictic and produce seeds asexually. Crossing between the sexual diploids and the polyploids can occur. The grass is spread by seeds. The grass is a wild genetic relative of cultivated maize Zea mays , and it has been suggested that Zea mays may be the result of a cross between T. dactyloides and Zea diploperennis , a perennial variety of teosinte. Like other Tripsacum species, T. dactyloides can hybridize with domesticated maize and teosinte species, although offspring of direct crosses are typically sterile. It is possible to cook the seeds and grind them into flour.

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Triticum aestivum

Wheat

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Tulipa gesneriana

Tulip, Garden Tulip, Didier's tulip, TULGE

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Ugandan cassava brown streak virus

UCBSV

Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) is a monopartite, (positive) single stranded RNA virus consisting of around 9050 nucleotides and a poly-A tail. The viral genome is encapsulated by the 43 kiloDalton coat protein. UCBSV contains a similar arrangement to the Cassava brown streak viral genome. Please note that UCBSV is closely related to Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), which are the causal agents in Cassava Brown Streak Disease in cassava. The symptoms are similar between the two viruses. However, CBSV infects cassava more readily than UCBSV and causes more severe symptoms.

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Umbellularia californica

Laurel, California Bay Laurel, UMBCA

Umbellularia californica is a tree native to coastal forests of western North America. It is the sole species in the genus Umbellularia. It ranges near the coast from Douglas County, Oregon south through California to San Diego County and is also found in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1600 m. It is also grown as an ornamental tree, both in its native area, and elsewhere further north up the Pacific coast to Vancouver in Canada, and in western Europe.

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Ustilago maydis virus H1

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Vaccinia virus

Poxvirus, Smallpox vaccine, VACV, VV, Vaccinia

Vaccinia virus is well known for its role as a vaccine (its namesake) that eradicated the smallpox disease, making it the first human disease to be successfully eradicated by science.

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Vibrio cholerae

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Vibrio harveyi

Vibrio, V. harveyi

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Vicia faba

Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean

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Vigna unguiculata

Cowpea, Black eyed pea

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Viola sp.

Pansy, VIOLA

The pansy or pansy violets are a large group of hybrid plants cultivated as garden flowers. Pansies are derived from Viola species Viola tricolor hybridized with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as Viola × wittrockiana or less commonly Viola tricolor hortensis.

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Vitis vinifera

Grape Vine

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Watermelon mosaic virus

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS 1

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Xenorhabdus luminescens

P. luminescens

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Yellow fever virus

YFV 17D

The YFV 17D is the only available vaccine against Yellow fever. The wild-type Yellow fever virus is present in tropical regions of Africa, South America, and Central America.

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Zea mays

Maize, Corn, MAIZE

Maize, or corn, is a cereal grain, the kernel of which is largely refined into products used in a wide range of food, medical, and industrial goods. Maize is a member of the Maydeae tribe of the grass family, Poaceae. It is a robust monoecious annual plant, which requires the help of man to disperse its seeds for propagation and survival. Corn is the most efficient plant for capturing the energy of the sun and converting it into food, it has a great plasticity adapting to extreme and different conditions of humidity, sunlight, altitude, and temperature. It can only be crossed experimentally with the genus Tripsacum, however member species of its own genus (teosinte) easily hybridise with it under natural conditions. Zea mays is an allogamous plant that propagates through seed produced predominantly by cross-pollination and depends mainly on wind borne cross-fertilisation. The interaction between domesticated plants and their wild relatives can lead to hybridisation and in many cases to gene flow of new alleles from a novel crop into the wild population. Some teosinte species can produce fertile hybrids with maizeand it has been documented that maize and teosinte often interact, particularly with Zea mays ssp. mexicana. Also, the known distribution of teosintes, together with high likelihood of the presence of land races in the maize production areas of Mexico indicates that there exist high probabilities of genetic exchange between conventional maize, land races and teosinte. Out-crossing of maize with Tripsacum species is not known to occur in the wild. Another factor to take into account regarding gene flow is the exchange of seed and traditional maize improvement practised by peasant communities and small farmers. Rural communities are open systems where “...there is a constant flow of genetic material among communities over large areas.” therefore, as in the case of Mexico, “...a land race variety, an improved variety, or a transgenic variety of maize, can reach any zone of the country, even the most isolated ones, such as those where teosinte grows.” The human factor together with the changes in policy and strategies in maize production may increase several fold the chance of gene flow between improved maize, teosinte and landraces. Human consumption of corn and cornmeal constitutes a staple food in many regions of the world. However, only a small amount of whole maize kernel is consumed by humans. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and many forms of maize are used for food, including Flour corn (subsp. mays Amylacea Group), Popcorn (subsp. mays Everta Group), Dent corn (subsp. mays Indentata Group), Flint corn (subsp. mays Indurata Group), Sweetcorn (subsp. mays Saccharata Group), Waxy corn (ceratina Kuleshov) and Pod corn (var. tunicata Larrañaga ex A. St. Hil). The grain also has many industrial uses, including transformation into plastics and fabrics. Some is hydrolyzed and enyzmatically treated to produce sweeteners (such as high fructose corn syrup), and some is fermented and distilled to produce grain alcohol, including ethanol. Refined maize products, sweeteners, starch, and oil are abundant in processed foods such as breakfast cereals, dairy goods, and chewing gum.

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Zoarces americanus

Ocean pout, Poodler, Mother-of-eels, Muttonfish, North-Atlantic ocean pout, ZOAAM

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Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

ZYMV

Organism Registry

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